Atomic

Structure
Group 9
Vanisha Agrawal
Luc Mazereeuw
Low Kai Da
 Overview of
Models
(Rutherford, Chadwick)
Ernest Rutherford
● Called the Nuclear Model
● Central positively charged nucleus
○ Consisted of hydrogen nuclei
○ Called the positively charged particles Protons
● Negatively charged electrons orbiting around nucleus
○ Electrons in fixed orbit
○ Each electron in separate orbit
James Chadwick
● Central positively charged nucleus
○ Positively charged protons
○ Neutral neutrons
● Negatively charged electrons around nucleus
○ Electrons in shells & subshells
○ Electrons exist in a ‘cloud’ of their probable location
○ Exact position unknown
Similarities &
Differences
Similarities
● Central part of atom
Nucleus ● Positively charged

● Part of nucleus
Protons ● Positively charged

● Located outside nucleus

Electrons ● Negatively charged
Differences
Rutherford Chadwick

Neutrons Not included Found in nucleus

● Fixed orbits
● Probability ‘clouds’
Electrons (position known)
● Shared shells & subshells
● Separate orbits
 Examples of
Period 2 Elements
(Neon - 20)
Rutherford
● Central nucleus
○ Red balls - protons
○ 10 Protons packed closely together
● Electrons orbiting around nucleus
○ Each of the 10 electrons in separate orbits
○ Blue balls - electrons
○ Metal wire - orbits
Chadwick
● Central nucleus
○ Red balls - protons
○ Grey balls - neutrons
○ 10 Protons and 10 neutrons packed closely together
● Electron probability ‘clouds’ around nucleus
○ Balloon-shaped paper - probability ‘clouds’
○ Electrons are not visible as we do not know their exact position
 Important
Discoveries
Rutherford
● Gold foil experiment
○ Struck gold foil with alpha particles
○ Most passed through, some bounced back
○ Concluded that there must be positive charge in atom
Rutherford
● Struck different elements with alpha particles
○ Discovered he could change one element into another
○ Hydrogen nuclei (protons) were emitted
○ Hydrogen nuclei is fundamental part of atomic structure
Chadwick
● Scientists bombarded Beryllium with alpha particles
○ Energetic stream of radiation produced by beryllium
○ Originally assumed by many to be gamma radiation
○ Did not cause photoelectric effect -> not gamma
○ Chadwick proposed radiation was neutrons
Values We Can
Learn
Rutherford
● Curiosity
○ Performed the gold foil experiment
○ Discovered positively charged nucleus
● Conscientious
○ Struck numerous elements with alpha particles
○ Ensured thorough research
Chadwick
● Skepticism
○ Did not blindly follow what others believed
○ Did not believe gamma radiation was produced
○ Energy required to interact with proton in the hydrocarbon was too high
○ Had to interact with a neutral particle
Thank You!
Q & A!
Sources
● http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=3&filename=AtomicNuclear_
ChadwickNeutron.xml
● http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=3&filename=AtomicNuclear_
AtomicModelsSpectra.xml
● http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=408
● https://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae46.cfm
● http://chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/neutron.html
Sources
● https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atom
s/history-of-atomic-structure/a/discovery-of-the-electron-and-nucleus
● http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/gold.html
● http://chemteacher.chemeddl.org/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=
article&id=74
● https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200705/physicshistory.cfm