Thermal&Mechanical

Stresses
PRD114

Prof. Dr. Abla El-Megharbel

Chapter 2

Bending
1. Introduction

If a piece of rubber, most conveniently of

rectangular cross-section, is bent between
one’s fingers it is readily apparent that one
surface of the rubber is stretched, i.e. put
into tension, and the opposite surface is
compressed.

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Bending Deformations

Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure

bending:
• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc
center and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of
bottom increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel
to the upper and lower surfaces and for
which the length does not change
• stresses and strains are negative
(compressive) above the neutral plane
and positive (tension) below it 4-4
2. Simple bending theory

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Force

Moment

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The total moment for the whole cross-section

The term is called the second moment of area of

the cross-section and given the symbol I.

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 Simple Bending Theory

Where
• M= Bending moment in N.m
• I = second moment of area in m4
• E = modulus of elasticity in N/m2
• R = radius of curvature in m
• σ = bending stress in N/m2
• y = distance from Neutral axis in m
 
3. Neutral axis

As stated above, it is clear that if, in bending, one surface of the

beam is subjected to tension and the opposite surface to
compression there must be a region within the beam cross-
section at which the stress changes sign, i.e. where the stress is
zero, and this is termed the neutral axis.

Now the only first moment of area for the cross-section which is
zero is that about an axis through the centroid of the section
since this is the basic condition required of the centroid. It
follows therefore that the neutral axis must always pass through
the centroid.

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 4. Second moment of area
a) rectangular section

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b) I- sections

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b) T- sections

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The maximum bending on a simply supported
beam

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Example 1
An I-section girder, 200 mm wide by 300 mm deep, with
flange and web of thickness 20 mm is used as a simply
supported beam over a span of 7 m. The girder carries a
distributed load of 5 kN/m and a concentrated load of 20 kN
at mid-span. Determine: (a) the second moment of area of the
cross-section of the girder, (b) the maximum stress set-up

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Example 2
A uniform T-section beam is 100 mm wide and 150 mm deep
with a flange thickness of 25 mm and a web thickness of 12
mm. If the limiting bending stresses for the material of the
beam are 80 MN/m2 in compression and 160 MN/m2 in
tension, find the maximum u.d.1. that the beam can carry
over a simply supported span of 5 m.

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The position of the centroid

The moment of inertia

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The bending moment

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 Useful link

http://www.amesweb.info/SectionalPropertiesTabs/Sectiona
lPropertiesTbeam.aspx

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