POWER PLANT MONITORING USING

PIC MICROCONTROLLER
 Abstract
 Block Diagram
 Current Transformer
 Potential Transformers
 Applications
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Controller
 Output
 Tools
ABSTRACT
 The automatic control of the generation and the power
flow is very essential for the smooth and effective
operation of the multi-area interconnected power system.
 There are three main control objectives in a multi-area
interconnected power system; first objective is that the
total generation of the interconnection, as a whole must
be matched moment to moment to the total prevailing
customer demand.
 This in itself can be achieved by the self-regulating
forces of the system.
ABSTRACT CONTD…
 Second objective is that the total generation of the
interconnected power system is to be allocated among
the participating control areas so that each area follows
its own load changes and maintains scheduled power
flows over its inter-ties with neighboring areas.
 This can be achieved by area regulation. The third
objective is that within each control area, its share of
total system generation is to be allocated among
available area generating sources for optimum area
economy, consistent with area security and
environmental considerations.
ABSTRACT CONTD…
Our project monitors the temperature, voltage and
current of the generator.
 For each physical variable corresponding sensors are
used, temperature sensor and voltage converter circuit
this information are given to microcontroller via
interfacing circuit.
 Microcontroller will capture the all data and display all
the information in LCD. At the same time if any
abnormal condition arises controller will on buzzer
 Power
Supply

LCD Display
Power Potential Rectifie
Filter Micr
Supply Transfor r
o
mer
contr
Control Load
oller Unit

Current I/V Rectifie

Transfor Convert r&
mer er Filter

Temperature
Sensor
 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT FOR
MICROCONTROLLER
U1
1 3
V IN VOUT

D1 7805
R1 JP1
1

W 01G
330
+

2
2 3 C1 1 2

1
TX1 470uF C1 C1 D2 1
47uF 0 .1 u F
LN 211W P
-

V1
4

2
230V

230/9V
 Initially 230 V AC supply is reduced to (0-9V) with the help of a
step down transformer having a capacity of 500mA.
 Since the input voltage to the regulator IC should be more than its
output voltage, transformer secondary voltage is 9V.
 This low voltage is rectified with the help of bridge rectifier. The
ripples are minimized with the help of capacitor filter to get a
smooth DC supply. The rating of the chosen capacitor filter is
1000µF.
 The regulated DC voltage is obtained by using a regulator IC
7805. In the case of IC 7805, the unregulated DC voltage is
applied to Pin 1, and the output is taken at Pin 3 and Pin 2 is
grounded.
 Another capacitor filter of rating 10µF is connected at the
output of regulator IC to eliminate the voltage oscillations at
the output due to the large voltage oscillations at the input of
the regulator.
 Current Transformers (CT’s) can be used for monitoring current or
for transforming primary current into reduced secondary current
used for meters, relays, control equipment and other instruments.
CT’s that transform current isolate the high voltage primary, permit
grounding of the secondary, and step-down the magnitude of the
measured current to a standard value that can be safely handled by
the instrument.
 The current transformer together with potential transformer(PT)are
known as Instrument transformer(IT).
 The current measurement channel measuring up to 50A.
 The current to Voltage converter is used to convert the incoming
current into voltage .
Operation:
 Transformers (sometimes called "voltage transformers") are
devices used in electrical circuits to change the voltage of
electricity flowing in the circuit. Transformers can be used
either to increase the voltage (called "stepping up") or decrease
the voltage ("step down").
 When a current flows through a wire, it makes a magnetic field
around the wire. Also, if a wire is in a magnetic field that is
changing, a current will flow in the wire.
 Transformers only work with AC (alternating current) circuits.
Since the AC current on the "incoming" wire is constantly
changing, the magnetic field it creates changes too.
 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT FOR LM35 &
MICROCONTROLLER
U1
1 3
V IN VOUT

D1 7805
R1 JP1
1

W 01G
330
+

2
2 3 C1 1 2

1
TX1 470uF C1 C1 D2 1
47uF 0 .1 u F
LN 211W P
-

V1
4

2
230V

230/9V
 Initially 230 V AC supply is reduced to (0-9V) with the help of a
step down transformer having a capacity of 500mA.
 Since the input voltage to the regulator IC should be more than its
output voltage, transformer secondary voltage is 9V.
 This low voltage is rectified with the help of bridge rectifier. The
ripples are minimized with the help of capacitor filter to get a
smooth DC supply. The rating of the chosen capacitor filter is
1000µF.
 The regulated DC voltage is obtained by using a regulator IC
7805. In the case of IC 7805, the unregulated DC voltage is
applied to Pin 1, and the output is taken at Pin 3 and Pin 2 is
grounded.
 Another capacitor filter of rating 10µF is connected at the
output of regulator IC to eliminate the voltage oscillations at
the output due to the large voltage oscillations at the input of
the regulator.
 A rectifier is a device which offers a low resistance to
the current in one direction and a high resistance in
the opposite direction.
 Such a device is  capable of converting A.C. voltage
into a pulsating D.C. voltage.
 The rectifier employs one or more diodes. It may be
either a vacuum diode or a semiconductor diode.
 There are two types
 Half wave rectifier
 Full wave rectifier
 Bridge rectifier
 Bridge rectifier is a full wave rectifier. It consists of four
diodes , arranged in the form of a bridge .
 It utilizes the advantages of the full wave rectifier and at the
same time it eliminates the need for a centre tapped
transformer.
 The supply input and the rectified output are the two
diagonally opposite terminals of the bridge.
 During the positive half cycle, the secondary terminal A is
positive with respect to terminal B.
 Now the diodes D1 and D3 are forward biased and hence do
not conduct.
 The current flows from terminal A to terminal B through D1,
load resistance RL and the diode D3 and then through the
secondary of the transformer.
 During the negative half cycle, terminal B is positive with
respect to point A.
 Now diodes D2 and D4 are forward biased and hence
conduct.
 Diode D1 and D3 are reversed biased and hence do not
conduct.
 The current flows from terminal B to terminal A through
diode D2, the load resistance RL and diode D4 and then
through the secondary of the transformer.
 On both positive and negative half cycles of the A.C. input,
the current flows through the load resistance RL in the same
direction.
 The polarity of the voltage developed across RL is such that
the end connected to the junction of the diodes D1 and D2 will
be positive.
 Output from the rectifier unit having harmonic contents , so
we can provided the filter circuit, filter circuit is used to
reduce the harmonics.
 Here we can use the electrolytic capacitor
 This eliminates the harmonics from both voltage and current
signals.
 Voltage regulator is used to maintain the constant voltage with the
variation of the supply voltage and the load current,
 When specifying individual ICs within this family, the xx is
replaced with a two-digit number, which indicates the output
voltage the particular device is designed to provide (for example,
the 7805 has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts).
 The 78xx line are positive voltage regulators, meaning that they
are designed to produce a voltage that is positive relative to a
common ground.
 The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used
to measure temperature with an electrical output
proportional to the temperature (in oC)
 It can measure temperature more accurately than a
using a thermistor.
 The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to
oxidation, etc.
 The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than
thermocouples and may not require that the output
voltage be amplified.
 It has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius
temperature.
 The scale factor is .01V/oC
 The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming
and maintains an accuracy of  +/-0.4 oC at room temperature and
+/- 0.8 oC over a range of 0 oC to +100 oC.
 Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it draws
only 60 micro amps from its supply and possesses a low self-
heating capability. The sensor self-heating causes less than 0.1 oC
temperature rise in still air.
 Power generation (conventional and nuclear)
 Distribution
 Automatic control
 Safety
 PIC16F877A Microcontroller
 Prototype Model
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
 PIC16F877A Microcontroller
 Temperature sensor

 Voltage transformer

 Current transformer

 Signal conditioning circuit

 Power supply

 LCD

 Buzzer
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
 MP Laboratory
 Cadence
WORK DONE
 Power supply design for microcontroller & temperature
sensor
WORK TO BE DONE
 Hardware Implementation of full circuit