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Chapter Four Depreciation and Inflation
Chapter Four Depreciation and Inflation
Chapter Four
Depreciation and Inflation
1.Introduction to valuation
2.depreciation
3.Inflation
Introduction
Valuation in general is defined as the art of estimating
the fair monetary measures of the desirability of
ownership of specific property for specific purpose.
For each property the value must be expressed in
terms of some recognized medium of exchange.
In most uses of the term “value” as applied to
property is a sense of worth, a desirability of
ownership or possession or the exchangeability of
property as it can be measured in terms of money .
Method of Valuation
Valuation from life
This method is generally used for equipment but
also used for buildings in general.
Depreciation. Whenever any machine, equipment or
a building performs useful work its wear and tear
is bound to occur. This can be minimized up to
some extent by proper care and maintenance but
can’t be totally prevented.
Book Value. It is value of an asset as shown in
accounts book. This is value on that particular day
arrived by deducting total depreciation till date from
its value on the date of its purchase.
Method of Valuation
Obsolescence. is the depreciation of existing
machinery or asset due to new and better invention,
design of equipment of processes etc.
Methods of Depreciation Calculation: The following
are the methods for calculating depreciation.
i. Straight line Methods
ii. Declining Balance Method
iii. Sum of year Digits Method
iv. Sinking fund Method
v. Annuity Charging method
vi. The Insurance policy method
vii. The Revaluation or Regular Valuation method etc.
Straight Line Method
This method assumes that the loss of value of
machine is directly proportional to its age. It means
one should deduct the scrap value from the
original value and divide the remaining value by the
number of years of useful life.
Let C be the Initial cost of a machine.
S be the scrap value.
N be the Number of years of life of machine. and
D be the depreciation amount per year .
Then, D=(C-S)/N Birr
TDn=n*D and BVn=C-TDn
Declining Balance
Method
This is also called “Reducing Balance” Method. The
diminishing value of machine is greater in the early
years. It depreciates rapidly in the early and later-on
slowly. So under this method, the book value of
the machine goes on decreasing as its existence
continues.
In this, let x be the fixed percentage taken to
calculate the yearly depreciation on the book value.
X=2/N, Dn=X*C(1-X)n-1,
TDn=C(1-(1-X)n), BVn=C-TDn=C(1-X)n
Where, C = initial cost, S = Scrap Value, N=No. of the
years of life.
Depreciation
Example
The initial cost of a piece of construction
equipment is 3500000ETB. It has useful life of 10
years. The estimated salvage value of the
equipment at the end of useful life is
500000ETB. Calculate the annual depreciation
and book value of the construction equipment
using straight-line method and double-declining
balance method.
Depreciation
For straight-line method, the constant annual
depreciation rate ‘Dn’ is given by;
Dn=D1=D2………..=(3,500,000-500,000)/10
=300,000ETB/Year
BV1=3,500,000-300,000=3,200,000ETB
BV2=3,200,000-300,000=2,900,000ETB
.
.
BV10=S=C-TDN=3,500,000-10*300,000=500,000ETB
Depreciation
For double-declining balance method, the depreciation
amount for a given year is calculated using the above
equation.
X=2/10=0.2
D1=X*C(1-X)n-1=0.2*3,500,000(1-0.2)1-1=700,000
D2=X*C(1-X)n-1=0.2*3,500,000(1-0.2)2-1=560,000
,
D10=X*C(1-X)n-1=0.2*3,500,000(1-0.2)10-1= 93952.41
Depreciation
BV1=C(1-X)n=C-D1=3,500,000(1-0.2)1=3,500,000-
700,000=2,800,000 ETB
BV2=3,500,000(1-0.2)2=2,800,000-560,000=2,240,000ETB
,
BV9=3,500,000(1-0.2)9=469762.05<S(500,000ETB)
BV10=3,500,000(1-0.2)10=375809.64<S(500,000ETB)
Thus to match the book value with the estimated
salvage value, the depreciation in 9th year will be
87202.56 (587202.56 – 500000) and that in 10th year
will be zero. This will lead to a book value of 500000
(equal to salvage value) at the end of 9thyear and
10thyear.
Depreciation
Home Assignment
The construction company were purchased for use an
equipment or machine. The equipment will be DDB
depreciated over an expected life of 12 years. There is a first
cost of $25,000 and an estimated salvage of $2500.
( a ) Calculate the depreciation and book value for years 1 and
4. Write the spreadsheet functions to display depreciation for
years 1 and 4.
( b ) Calculate the implied salvage value after 12 years.
Sum-of-years-digits
(SOYD) method
In this method the annual depreciation rate for any
year is calculated by dividing the number of years left
(from the beginning of that year for which the
depreciation is calculated) in the useful life of the asset
by the sum of years over the useful life.
The depreciation rate ‘dn’ for any year ‘n’ is given by;
Dn=dn*TD=dn*(C-S)
dn=(N-n+1)/SOY
SOY=N(N+1)/2
BVn=C-TDn
SOYD method
Example:
Compute the SOYD depreciation schedule for the situation
below
Cost of the asset=900ETB
Depreciable life, in years=5
Salvage value, S=70ETB
Solution: SOY=(5*6)/2=15
D1=(5-1+1)(900-70)/15=277
D2=(5-2+1)(900-70)/15=221
D3=(5-3+1)(900-70)/15=166
D4=(5-4+1)(900-70)/15=111
D5=(5-5+1)(900-70)/15=55
SOYD method
FW=1426300ETB/(1+0.06)8
=894861 ETB
Example 2:
The cash flow of an alternative consists of payment of
100000ETB per year for 6 years (uniform annual series).
The real interest rate is 9% per year. The inflation rate per
year is 5%. Find out the present worth of the uniform
series when the annual payments are in actual monetary
units (inflated).
3. INFLATION
Solution:
=(0.09+0.05+0.05*0.09)=0.1445=14.45%
P=A(P/A,ic,n)=500,000(P/A,14.45%,6)=384,120ETB