FACTS

BY
G.S.S.SAI VIGNESH
EEE D1
121810501001
CONTENTS
 ■ Introduction
(What is facts and Why it is used? )
 ■ Objectives of FACTS Controllers
 ■ Power electronic devices for FACTS controllers
 ■ Types of FACTS Controllers
 ■ Benefits of FACTS Controllers
 ■ Disadvantages
 ■ Conclusion
PROBLEMS
 Voltage regulation is too high
 Less efficiency ( high loss )
 Less stability of transmission lines over a long
distances
 Delay of Transient stability
 Less lifetime of devices (relays, circuit breakers
etc)
INTRODUCTION
 In a conventional AC transmission system, the
ability to transfer AC power is limited by several
factors like thermal limits, transient stability limit,
voltage limit, short circuit current limit, etc.
 These limits define the maximum electric power
which can be efficiently transmitted through the
transmission line without causing any damage to
the electrical equipment and the transmission
lines.
 Also with the introduction of variable impedance
devices like capacitors and inductors, the whole of
the energy or power from the source is not
transferred to the load, but a part is stored in these
devices as reactive power and returned to the
source.
 For ideal transmission, the active power should
be equal to the apparent power. In other words,
the power factor (the ratio of active power to
apparent power) should be unity.
 This is where the role of a Flexible AC
transmission System comes.
WHAT IS POWER FACTOR?

 The power factor is defined as it is the ratio of active

power to the apparent power in the circuit.
  The power factor (PF) value is between 0.0 and 1.0.
 If the power factor is zero, the current flow is
entirely reactive and power stored in the load returns
to on every cycle.
 When the power factor is 1, all the current supplied
by the source is devoured by the load.
FLEXIBLE ALTERNATING CURRENT
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (FACTS)

 ■ FACTS:-
“AC transmission systems incorporating the
power electronic-based to enhance controllability
and increase power transfer capability.”
■ FACTS CONTROLLERS:-
It is defined as power electronic based system
and other static equipment that provide control of
one or more AC transmission systems parameters
REASON FOR INCOPERATING FACTS CONTROLLERS

 Earlier days Mechanically circuit breaker like

relays , contractors etc are used to control the
power flow of transmission system .
 Mechanically circuit breaker was not very
reliable and they can’t compensate the power loss
due to reactive power of the transmission system.
POWER ELECTRONICS DEVICES FOR
FACTS CONTROLLERS

 1. Thyristors
 2. Gate-Turn Off Thyristors ( GTO )
 3. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)
 4. Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors
( IGCTs )
BENEFITS OF FACTS CONTROLLERS
 ■ A Rapidly Implemented Installations.
 ■ Increased System Capacity.
 ■ Enhanced System Reliability.
 ■ Improved System Controllability.
 ■ Seamless System Interconnections.
 ■ Better utilization of existing transmission
system assets.
 ■ Up gradation of lines.
DISADVANTAGES OF FACTS CONTROLLERS
 ■ High initial costs
 ■ High repair cost
CONCLUSION
 ■ The flexible ac transmission system (FACTS), a new
technology based on power electronics, offers an
opportunity to enhance controllability, stability, and
power transfer capability of ac transmission systems.
 ■ In view of the various power system limits, FACTS
provides the most reliable and efficient solution.
 ■ It is envisaged that in future FACTS devices could be
installed on wide scale by electrical utilities in an attempt
to control the power flows through their networks.
 ANY
DOUBT ?
Dhanyavadamulu