GLOBAL ISSUES AND

RESPONSIBLE DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICES

Sabin Sapkota(074 BME 632)

Sagar Shrestha(074 BME 633)
Samundra Karki(074 BME 634
Sandip Gautam(074 BME 635)
 Human civilization
• A civilization is the process by
which a society or place reaches
an advanced stage of social
development and organization.
  OLDEST CIVILIZATIONS
1. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
2.INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION 
3.THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
4. MAYAN CIVILIZATION
5. ANCIENT CHINA CIVILIZATION
6. ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION
7. PERSIAN CIVILIZATION
8.THE ROMAN CIVILIZATION
9.AZTEC CIVILIZATION
10.THE INCAS CIVILIZATION
  MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION

•  This is the first of the civilization to

have ever emerged on the face of our
planet. The timeline of ancient Mesopotamia
is usually kept around 3300 BC – 750 BC.
Mesopotamia is generally credited with
being the first place where civilized societies
truly began to take shape. Once the
Mesopotamians rose, they
in the regions of modern day Iraq
then known as Babylonia, Sumer and Assyria highlands
INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
This civilization flourished in areas
extending from what today is
northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan,
and northwest India. Along with
Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia,
it was one of three early
civilizations of the Old World, and
of the three the most widespread,
covering an area of 1.25 million
km2. The people of the Indus
Civilization achieved great
accuracy in measuring length,
mass, and time. And based on the
artifacts found in excavations, it is
evident the culture was richer in
arts and crafts.
 THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
The ancient Egypt is one of the oldest and
culturally richest civilizations. The ancient
Egyptians are known for their prodigious
culture, the ever standing pyramids and the
sphinx, the Pharaohs and the once a
majestic civilization that resided by the
banks of the river Nile. The civilization.
started around 3150 BC with the political
unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under
the first Pharaoh. The ancient Egypt reached
at its pinnacle towards the New Kingdom,
where Pharaohs like Ramsee the Great ruled
with such authority that another civilization
of the Nubians also came under Egyptian
rule.
 MAYAN
CIVILIZATION

The ancient Mayan civilization flourished in Central

America from about 2600 BC and had been much
talked about in recent times because of the
timeline in the calendar they had created. Once
the civilization was established, it went on to
prosper and become one of the most sophisticated
civilization with a booming population of about 19
million at its peak. By 700 BC, the Mayans had
already devised their own way of writing which
they used to create their own solar calendars
carved in the stones. According to them, the world
was created on August 11, 3114 BC, which is the
date their calendar counts from. And the supposed
end was on December 21, 2012. The ancient
Mayans were culturally richer when compared to
.
many of the contemporary civilizations. The
Mayans and Aztecs both built pyramids, many of
which are larger than those in Egypt
 ANCIENT CHINA
CIVILIZATION
Ancient China – also known as Han China, has
doubtlessly one of the most diverse history.
In fact, if you consider all the dynasties from
the very first to the very last that ever ruled
in China, you get a significantly huge period
of time that needs to be covered. The Yellow
river civilization is said to be the cradle of
entire Chinese civilization as this is where the
earliest dynasties were based. It was around
the 2700 BC that the legendary Yellow
Emperor began his rule. Inventions and
products: gunpowder, paper, printing,
compass, alcohol, cannons.
ANCIENT GREEK
CIVILIZATION
The ancient Greeks may not have been
one of the oldest civilizations, but they
are doubtlessly one of the most
influential civilizations to have ever
existed in the world. The rise of ancient
Greece came from the Cycladic and
Minoan civilization (2700 BC – 1500 BC).
These periods also saw a number of
ancient Greeks come into limelight –
many of them changed our ways of world
forever, many of them are still talking
about to this day. The Greeks created the
ancient Olympics, the concept of
.
democracy and a senate. They created
the base for modern geometry, biology,
physics. Pythagoras, Archimedes,
Socrates, Euclid, Plato, Aristotle,
Alexander the great… the history books
are full of such names whose inventions,
theories, beliefs and heroics have had a
significant influence in the subsequent
civilizations that came.
PERSIAN
CIVILIZATION
There was a time when ancient
Persian civilization was in fact the
most powerful empires in the world.
Though only in power for a little over
200 years, the Persians conquered
lands that covered over 2 million
square miles. From the southern
portions of Egypt to parts of Greece
and then east to parts of India, the
Persian Empire was known for its
military strength and wise rulers.
Now before you even start to
contemplate the fact that they
created such a vast empire just
within a period of 200 years, before .
550 BC, Persian used to be divided in
factions among a number of leaders,
like King Cyrus II or Alexander the
Great
 .
THE ROMAN
CIVILIZATION 
The Roman Civilization came into picture
around the 6th century BC. At the height
of its power, the Romans ruled over the
biggest chunk of land in that era – all the
present day counties surrounding the
modern day Mediterranean sea were a
part of ancient Rome. Early Rome was
governed by kings, but after only seven
of them had ruled, the Romans took
power over their own city and ruled
themselves. They then instead had a
council known as the ‘senate’ which
ruled over them. From this point on one
speaks of the ‘Roman Republic’. Rome
also saw the rise and fall of some of the
greatest emperors in human civilization,
like Julius Caesar, Trajan and Augustus.
The Roman empire in the end was
overrun by millions of barbarians from
the north and east of Euro
AZTEC
CIVILIZATION
The Aztecs came in the scenario
around the 1200s and early 1300s,
the people in present day Mexico
used to live in three big rival cities –
Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan.
Around 1325, these rivals created an
alliance and thus the new state was
brought under the rule of the Valley
of Mexico. Back then, the people .
preferred the name Mexica than to
the Aztecs. The rise of the Aztecs was
within a century of the fall of another
influential civilization in Mexico and
Central America – the Mayans. In the
early 1500s, the Aztec civilization was
indeed at the height of its power. But
then, Spanish arrived with their
expansion plans.
 THE INCAS
CIVILIZATION
The Incas was the largest Empire in
South America in the Pre- Columbian
era. This civilization flourished in the
areas of present day Ecuador, Peru
and Chile and had its administrative,
military and political center located
at Cusco which lies in modern day
Peru. The Incas were devout
followers of the Sun God Inti. They .
had a king who was referred to as
“Sapa Inca” meaning the child of the
Sun. The first Inca emperor Pachacuti
transformed it from a modest village
to a great city laid out in the shape of
a puma. The Incas went on to
become great builders and went on
to build fortresses and sites like
Machu Picchu and the city of Cusco
that still stand to this day.
 Ozone
• Ozone (O3) is a highly reactive gas composed
of three oxygen atoms
• Nearly 90% of the earth’s ozone is in the
stratosphere and known as ozone layer
 Formation of ozone layer
• Chemically forms when UV rays from sun
directly falls on the stratosphere
O2 + sunlight = O +
O

•  Atomic oxygen quickly combines with other

oxygen molecules to form ozone
O + O2 = O3
 Ozone depletion

• Ozone layer depletion, is simply the wearing out (reduction)

of the amount of ozone in the stratosphere. Unlike pollution,

which has many types and causes, Ozone depletion has been
pinned down to one major human activity.

• Industries that manufacture things like insulating foams,

solvents, soaps, cooling things like Air Conditioners,

Refrigerators and ‘Take-Away’ containers use something

called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

 Causes of ozone layer depletion
• Man made cause
1.Chloroflurocarbons(CFCs)
2.Halons
3.Methylchlorofom
4.Hydrochloroflurocarbons
(HCFCs)
• Natural causes
 IMPACTS OF OZONE
DEPLETION
• HARM TO HUMAN HEALTH
• ADVERSE IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE
•  EFFECTS ON PLANTS
• EFFECT ON ANIMALS
• EFFECT ON MATERIALS
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 Introduction to the Montreal Protocol

 The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol) is an
international agreement made in 1987. It was designed to stop the production and import of ozone
depleting substances and reduce their concentration in the atmosphere to help protect the earth's ozone
layer.

 Montreal Protocol, formally Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, international
treaty, adopted in Montreal on September 16, 1987, that aimed to regulate the production and use of
chemicals that contribute to the depletion of Earth's ozone layer.

 16 September is International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer. It celebrates the anniversary of
the day the Montreal Protocol came into effect.

 The Montreal Protocol is signed by 197 countries – the first treaty in the history of the United Nations to
achieve universal ratification – and is considered by many the most successful environmental global action


The Montreal Protocol has been successful in reducing ozone-depleting substances and reactive
chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere. It is expected that the ozone layer will return to pre-1980s
levels by the middle of the century and the Antarctic ozone hole by around 2060s.

 Nepal is one of the 197 countries in the world that have signed and ratified the Montreal Protocol to phase
out chemicals that harm the earth's ozone layer by 2015. Nepal has ratified the Montreal Protocol of 1987
in 1994. Nepal Bureau of Standard and Metrology is the implementing agency
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Status of Ratification
The table below shows the status of
Ratification:

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Ozone Depleting Substances identified and controlled by Montreal
Protocol

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 Implementation Mechanism
• The Montreal Protocol (MP)has entered what is termed the ‘late stages’ of implementation. This means that
the developed world has largely come into full compliance with its terms and that the production and use
of ODS has been virtually eradicated.
• However problem remain in the developing world where ODS are still produced and used
• In 1991, the Multilateral fund for the implementation of MP was established to provide the developing
countries with the funding necessary to comply with the terms of the treaty
• Managed jointly by UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank, the fund supports technical capacity building
projects for 145 countries worth 2.5 billion US Dollars
• These projects aim to phase out ODS consumption and production in the project nations
• Regular technological assessments of each country are made every two years to monitor compliance with
the treaty. Additionally, nations must provide up to date inventory report of ODS production, consumption,
import and export
• UNEP also operates a compliance assistance program that consists of policy development and
enforcement, data reporting, customs training, technical support, information, and communication

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 Phasing out ODS(Ozone Depleting Substances)

Parties to the Montreal Protocol must freeze, reduce and phase out their production and consumption of ODS
according to a specific step-wise schedule.
Approaches:
 Production Control
 Consumption Control
 Trade, Import, export and reimport control
 Adaptation to Ozone Friendly technology
 Training and Capacity Building

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 Monitoring Progress

• Established a monitoring committee which comprises 2 member states from each of the UN’s 5
geographical regions. It normally meets twice a year, and receives report from Ozone secretariat on the
data reported by the parties and their levels of compliance with their obligations.

• Most developing countries do not produce ODS and are completely dependent on ODS imports.

• Consequently, monitoring the legal trade and preventing the illegal trade of these chemical is crucial to
achieving the gradual phase-out of ODS and conversion to non-ODS alternatives.

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Controlling of CFCs and
HCFCs
 The Montreal Protocol sets
binding progressive phase
out obligations for developed
and developing countries for
all the major ozone depleting
substances, including
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
halons and less damaging
transitional chemicals such as
hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs).

 The Montreal Protocol

targets 96 ozone depleting
chemicals in thousands of
applications across more than
240 industrial sectors. In
2016 the Montreal Protocol
also became responsible for
setting binding progressive
phase down obligations for
the 18 main
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).

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 Montreal Protocol Success

 “Perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol” - Kofi
Annan, Former Secretary General of the United Nations

 The total abundance of ozone-depleting gases in the atmosphere has begun to decrease in recent years

 If the nations of the world continue to follow the provisions of the Montreal Protocol, the decrease will
continue throughout the 21st century

 Some individual gases such as halons and hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are still increasing in the
atmosphere, but will begin to decrease in the next decades if compliance with the Protocol continues.

 By midcentury, the effective abundance of ozone-depleting gases should fall to values present before the
Antarctic “ozone hole” began to form in the early 1980s.

Reasons for Success:

 Flexibility
 International scientific co-operation and consensus
 Involvement of multilateral institutions such as the UNEP, World Bank, UNDP, UNIDO, European Union
etc.
 Recognition of the common but differentiated responsibility principle for developing nations
 The targets and timetables approach
 The multilateral fund for the developing nations
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 Weakness

 Unable to deal with the problem of ODS smugglers.

 Overlap in reporting requirements which parties must submit to the
secretariat.
 Time lag to the developing nations in complying with the rules and
accomplishing the ODS phase-out.
 Difficulty in monitoring the detailed implementation progress of
individual nations since it covers 197 nations.

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Control of Ozone Depleting Substances in Nepal
- Ozone Depleting Substances Consumption
(Control) Rules, 2001

These Rules aim to control and phase out the production and consumption of ozone
depleting substances

These Rules specify the substances to be consumed as well as sold and distributed within
Nepal as prescribed in Schedule 1.

The annual consumption, import quantity and phase out rate of the substance shall be
notified by the Ministry and published in the Official Gazette.

Licensing authority for import of substance, authorization for importing the substances
under the procedures, conditions, specifications, quantitative norms and phase out rates
set forth by the Ministry.

The Rules require all ozone depleting substances importers to obtain licences and forbids
the re-export of imported substances to other countries.

The Rules set out conditions to be fulfilled by the importer of ozone depleting
substances. The Rules further provide for functions, rights and duties of the Ministry.

PDF link: http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC100344/

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Programs and Practices In Nepal

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 Greenhouse gases
A greenhouse gas (GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that
absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared
Naturally present greenhouse Synthetic greenhouse gases:
gases: • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Hydro fluorocarbons
• Methane (CH4)
(HFCs)
• Water Vapour
• Per fluorocarbons (PFCs)
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
• Fluorinated gases 31
 Causes of Greenhouse gases
• Industrial processes
• Transportation fuels
• Power stations
• Agricultural byproducts

• Biomass burning

• Residential, commercial and other sources

• Volcanic eruptions
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34
 Indigenous System of Natural Resource
Management

• Socially constructed body of knowledge, created through understanding of the characteristics

of flora and fauna and interrelationships among the elements of the ecosystem.

• Traditionally stored in social memory and are rarely in any form of documentation.
traditional leaders and traditional healers play an insurmountable role as keepers and
transmitters of indigenous knowledge systems. are stored in traditional and cultural practices,
beliefs, taboos, myths, legends, folklore and in cultural dances.

• Indigenous knowledge systems are an integrated body of knowledge systems which were
created through years of careful observations and experience of interactions between humans
and the nature

• Can sometimes be unique to specific individuals of the community such as traditional

leaders, herbalists and expert food gatherers.
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 Methods of Indigenous System of Natural
Resource Management

• Indigenous knowledge systems in natural resource use and

management
• Resource use and management through selective methods

• Resource use and management through skills and technologies

• Resource use and management through traditional institutions and

traditional beliefs

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Limitations and Challenges with the use of
indigenous knowledge systems

• Indigenous knowledge systems have been used for ages by local

communities in the use and management of natural resources. However,
through colonization and through formal education, suppression of
indigenous languages and the banning of cultural institutions and practices
has resulted in the degeneration of indigenous knowledge systems to
outdated concepts, unsuitable for contemporary socio-economic and
environmental issue). Puffer (1995) explains that the above situations have
reduced the transfer of knowledge from elders to young people.

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Importance of Indigenous Knowledge
Systems
• Well poised to reduce deforestation rates, overcome land and
water management problems
• provide a rich array of experiences, expertise, and practices that
can significantly contribute to protecting biodiversity, food
security, and sustainable livelihoods in indigenous communities.
– encompasses the skills, experiences and insights of people, applied to
maintain or improve their livelihood

– essential for sustainable development as the availability of physical and

financial capital indigenous system to natural resource management
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Indigenous System of Forest Management

Steps include:
• only harvesting selected products and species,

• harvesting according to the condition of the

product, limiting the amount of product, and
• using social means of monitoring.

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Indigenous System of Land Management

Steps include:
• Plan for long-term change and unexpected events

• Preserve rare landscape elements and associated species

• Avoid land uses that deplete natural resources.
• Avoid or compensate for the effects of development on
ecological processes
• Implement land-use and land-management practices that are
compatible with the natural potential of the area
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 Guidelines for Indigenous participation to
Natural Resource Management

• Indigenous people need to be represented on regional decision- making

committees
• consulting and incorporating the views of all peak Indigenous
organizations
• The regional plan will contain a section that responds to legislative and
legal requirements and responsibilities. This section should include any
such matters relating to Indigenous land and water management
• Indigenous community should be identified and their interests taken
into account through direct consultation
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Ecosystem Sustainability
 Ecosystem Sustainability
Sustainability is he ability to maintain ecological
processes over long periods of time.
Sustainability of an ecosystem is the ability of that
ecosystem to maintain its structure and function over
time in the face of external stress
A sustainable ecosystem is a biological environment
and series of habitats that is able to thrive and support
itself without outside influence or assistance. In ideal
sustainable ecosystems, everything is already provided
within the ecosystem for life to survive.
 Ecosystem Sustainability
It is strongly linked to ecosystem health.
The more sustainable an ecosystem is, the healthier it is
because it is able to “deal” with external stress better
(i.e. limiting factors).
Characteristics of sustainable ecosystem

An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants,

animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and
landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.
Ecosystems contain biotic or living, parts, as well as
abiotic factors, or nonliving parts. Biotic factors
include plants, animals, and other organisms.
 Pillars of Sustainable Ecosystem
• Economic(profit)
• Social(people)
• Environment(planet)
Responsible development practices
(Sustainable development)
Responsible development practices
(Sustainable development)
Sustainable development involves satisfying the needs
of the present population without endangering the
capability of the future population to satisfy its own
needs.
Need of Responsible development practices

• Provides Essential Human Needs.

• Agricultural Requirement.
• Manage Climate Change.
• Financial Stability.
• Sustain Biodiversity.
 Goals of Sustainable Development

• To minimize the depletion of natural resources when

creating new developments.
• To create a development that can be maintained and
sustained without causing further harm to the
environment.
• To provide methods for retrofitting existing
developments to make them environmentally
friendly facilities and projects.
Environmentally responsible construction
Environmentally responsible construction

• Environmentally responsible construction can be

considered as the eco-friendly construction which
take account the social, economic and environmental
aspects.
• Eco-friendly construction involves the use of
materials and processes that are resource-efficient and
environmentally responsible throughout the life cycle
of a building.
 Eco-friendly Construction: Advantages of Green Building

• Low Maintenance and Operation Cost

•  Energy Efficiency
•  Enhances Indoor Environment Quality
• Water Efficiency
• Better Health
• Material Efficiency
• Better Environment
• Reduces Strain on Local Resources
 Education in human values(EHV)
• Values: Principle or standards of behavior

• Human values: Ideal behavior of human beings by adopting

noble principle and high standards or Ethical conduct
• Environment ethics: Studies the moral relationship of
human beings to, and also the value and moral status of,
the environment and its non-human contents.

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 Education in human values(EHV)
• Character building universal value based educational program
• Seeks to improve the teaching and learning environment by
incorporating basic human values in academics
• Addresses the need of time by bringing out the human values
that are inmate within everyone.
• Enables people to appreciate themselves and others and to take
responsibility for their actions and for the world around them

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 Basic universal human values

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 Satya Sai Education in Human Values
• Self-development program for primary
school children of 4 to 12 years
• Helps children to explore concepts of
right and wrong through the use of
story telling, role play, songs, games
and drama.
• Spreading in popularity and has been
developed and culturally adapted for
use in numerous countries
• Adopted by more than 2000 schools in
the UK.
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 Kyoto Protocol
• Adopted in a conference on Climate Change at Kyoto, Japan in
1997 to mitigate climate change due to accumulation of green
house gases and implement the objective of UNFCC.
• Entered into force in 2005.
• 192 parties
• “Common but differentiated responsibilities”
• Commits the developed countries with more than 150 years of
industrial activities to reduce green house gases emission by an
average of 5.2% below their 1990 emission levels during the period
2008-2012
• Optional for developing countries
• Second amendments commits the countries to reduce emission by
18% below the 1990 emission levels during 2013-2020 period.

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  Annex B parties with binding targets in the second period
  Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but not the second
  Non-Annex B parties without binding targets
  Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but which withdrew
from the Protocol
  Signatories to the Protocol that have not ratified
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  Other UN member states and observers that are not party to the Protocol
 Carbon Trading

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 • Three market based mechanism to achieve the target of
Kyoto protocol:
1) International Emissions Trading (Carbon emission trade between
two developed countries)

2) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (Carbon emission trade

between two developed countries. The financial aid is in the form of sustainable
and clean development projects. Projects can earn certified emission reduction
(CER) )

3) Joint implementation (JI)(Emission reduction units (ERUs) are traded

for the emission reduction by organizing development projects. Projects are done
by the joint effort of two countires who are involved in trading)

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 Clean Development Mechanism(CDM)
• •   A mechanism which is based on understanding and cooperation among
adopting a new outlook for economic activities aiming at protecting the
system.
• First global, environmental investment and credit scheme of its kind, p
standardized emissions offset instrument, CERs.
• The Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) are a unit of carbon that is
• Industrialized Nations earn CERs from developing counties and submi
their target of green house gas reduction commitments.
• 1 CERs is equivalent to one tonne of .
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 The CDM, defined in Article 12 of the Protocol, was intended
to meet two objectives:
• To assist developing countries in achieving sustainable
development & in contributing to ultimate objectives of
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC )
• To assist developed countries in achieving compliance with
their qualified emission limit & reduction commitments.

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 Working of CDM

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 Types of CDM projects
• Energy efficiency

– End use improvements

– Supply-side improvements
• Renewable energy
• Methane reduction like landfill gas capture
• Fuel switching
• Industrial processes
• Sequestration/sinks – only afforestation and reforestation
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 CDM in Nepal
• Signed the Kyoto protocol in 2005 and is categorized as Non-annex
country.
• Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) function
as Designated National Authority (DNA) for CDM projects in Nepal.
• As reported by Sigdel(2013) Nepal receives $500,000 a year from CDM.

• Areas for CDM projects in Nepal

-Bio gas projects

-Improved stove project

-Micro-hydro project

-Community forest rehabilitation

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 • Nepal participates in Conference of the Parties (COP)
organized annually to review the progress and decide the
way ahead for Kyoto to raise it voice for more resources to
adapt the impacts of climate change.
• The Nepal Biogas Project (NBP) became the first project
for carbon trading under the Clean Development
Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol on climate change.

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 Challenges of CDM in Nepal

• Lack of adequate institutional capacity of DNA

• Weak governmental commitment and lack of
government stability
• Lack of knowledge of carbon trading in
community people

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 Questions
• What do you mean by responsible development practices?
• Discuss how they can be followed in an engineering project
involving large scale construction of houses?
• Discuss the significance of Environmental Responsible Construction.
• Explain the importance of indigenous system of natural resource
management in the context of Nepal.
• What do you mean by Clean development Mechanism(CDM). How
is it helpful to reduce carbon emission.
• What do you mean by EHV? How does EHV help in helping make
engineering projects, involving interaction with nature, sustainable?
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 References
• https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html
• http://www.asiagreenbuildings.com/6719/india-how-to-make-your-building-green/
• https://www.zillow.com/blog/green-trends-in-home-building-194896/
• http://nuffpac.org/free-greywater-workshops-for-the-fullerton-community-in-
september/
• http://elitetechqatar.com/automation/home-automation
• https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-2-
c&chapter=27&clang=_en
• Daniel-Henri Manicourt, Jean-Pierre Devogelaer, Urban Tropospheric Ozone
Increases the Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Belgian Postmenopausal
Women with Outdoor Activities during Summer, The Journal of Clinical
Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 93, Issue 10, 1 October 2008, Pages 3893–
3899, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2663
• Samsung Engineering, & Unep. (n.d.). Nepal and Kyoto Protocol - Ambassador
report - Our Actions. Retrieved from
https://tunza.eco-generation.org/ambassadorReportView.jsp?viewID=11828
• (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZgBPL17a6M

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 THANK YOU!!

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