HOST-PARASITE

RELATIONSHIP

YUYUN KUSNANINGRUM
PEMBIMBING DR.DEWI RETNONINGSIH, SPMK
 SYMBIOSIS = TO LIVE TOGETHER

general types of relationships that microbes can have with the bodies of
their hosts
 Infectious disease
Host occurs as
cumulative effect
between host
immunity,
virulence of agent
(microbes) and
environment
condition

Environment Agent
• Normal flora / resident flora / indigenous flora /
microflora : the accumulation of microorganisms
found on/in the human host which in the absence of
disease they are considered harmless and in most
cases beneficial to the host
• Colonization : the process where microbes live on a
surface (mucosa or petriplates)
• Inflammation : a natural nonspecific response to
tissue injury or invasion by a foreign substance
• Infection : the process when a microorganism enters
a host, invades and multiplies
GENERAL STAGES OF MICROBIAL-HOST INTERACTION
 1. THE ENCOUNTER BETWEEN HOST AND
MICROORGANISM

1. Host perspective
• Perilaku dan kondisi kehidupan

2. Transmision
• Mode transmisi : Direct/ indirect
• Dapat melalui Vector/ vehicle (fomite)

3. Human and microbe interaction

• 1. Direct Transmision (manusia sebagai reservoir)
• 2. Indirect transmision (melalui media lain)

4. Animal and Environment as microbial reservoir

• Agent factor: portal of exit
determines route of
transmission
2. MICROORGANISM COLONIZATION
OF HOST SURFACE
• Normal flora
• Colonization
Transient
Resident
 3. MICROORGANISM ENTRY, INVASION AND
DISSEMINATION ( HOST PERSPECTIVE)

Disruption surface barriers

Responses to microbial invasion of deeper tissue

1. Non Spesific defense mechanism

2. Spesific defense mechanism

Respon
Inflamasi
 IMMUNE
SYSTEM

Humoral Cellular
• IgM • B cell
• IgA • T cell
• IgG • NK cell
• IgE
• IgD

IgM is the largest and first antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially
encountered;
production of the most abundant antibody, IgG, follows.
IgA is secreted in various body fluids (e.g., saliva and tears) and primarily protects body surfaces
lined with mucous membranes.
IgE is associated with parasitic infections and allergies.
IgD is attached to the surface of specific immune system cells and is involved in the regulation of
antibody production.
Komponen imunitas tubuh :

1. Innate/natural immunity
- imunitas yang sudah ada sejak fetus/dilahirkan.
- bersifat nonspesifik  imunitas nonspesifik
- berperan sebagai garis pertahanan pertama
terhadap invasi substansi asing ke dalam tubuh.

2. Acquired/adaptive immunity
- imunitas yang didapat
- bersifat spesifik  imunitas spesifik
- berkembang karena diinduksi/distimulasi oleh
intervensi substansi asing yang masuk ke dalam
tubuh.
- substansi asing yg menginduksi imunitas spesifik
disebut antigen.
Antibodies protect the host in a number of ways:
 Helping phagocytes to ingest and kill microorganismsthrough a coating mechanism,

referred to as opsonization
 Neutralizing microbial toxins that are detrimental to host cells and tissues
 Promoting bacterial clumping (agglutination) that facilitates clearing from the infection

site
 Inhibiting bacterial motility
 Viral neutralization; blocking the virus from entering the host cell
 Combining with microorganisms to activate the omplement system and inflammatory

response
 3. MICROORGANISM ENTRY, INVASION AND
DISSEMINATION ( MICROORGANISM PERSPECTIVE)

• Colonization and Infection

• Pathogenicity and Virulence
• Microbial Virulence Factors
COLONIZATION AND INFECTION

Colonization: the process where microbes live on a surface (skin, mucosa

or petriplates)
 First step in the process for the development of infection and
disease
 Successful initial colonization depends on microorganism’s ability to
survive on host surface (ex:expression of metabolic capability, pili,
biofilm, flagella)
 Results? harmless or damaging infection?? depends on the
characteristics of the host and the microorganism

Infection: microbial invasion into subsurface tissues and organs

Carrier : who is colonized with an infectious agent, is not clinically ill,

but can transmit the agent to others
PATHOGENICITY AND VIRULENCE

• Pathogen : a microorganism which cause disease when it

encounters a susceptible host
mumps, measles, chicken pox, herpes; V.cholerae, C.diphtheriae, M.tuberculosis,
N.gonorrhoeae, T.pallidum, Y.pestis; dermatophytic fungi, C.immitis; tapeworms,
Plasmodia, E.histolytica

• Potential Pathogen : microorganisms which are often normal

flora but under certain circumstances may overcome host
defenses and cause disease
S.pneumoniae, N.meningitidis, H.influenzae, S.aureus, Enterobacteriaceae,
Enterococcus, coagulase negative S.aureus

• Pathogenic/pathogenicity : the ability to cause disease

PATHOGENICITY AND VIRULENCE

• Microorganisms that cause infections or disease are

called pathogens
• the characteristics that enable them to cause disease
are referred to as virulence factor
• Organisms that cause infection when one or more of
the host’s defense mechanisms are disrupted or
malfunction are known as opportunistic pathogens,
and the infections they cause are referred to as
opportunistic infections
MICROBIAL VIRULENCE FACTORS

• Virulence : the degree of intensity of pathogenecity of a

microorganism as indicated by case fatality rate and/or ability
to invade host tissues and cause disease
• Virulence factor(s) : factor(s) that contribute to the pathogenic
potential of a microorganism
 MICROBIAL
MICROBIAL VIRULENCE
VIRULENCE FACTORS
FACTORS

• pili/adhesion
• Antiphagositic factor: capsule/slime layer
• Biofilm formation
• Invasiveness, Extracellular enzyme(s)
• Toxin: Exotoxin, Endotoxin
• Dissemination
• Spread of organisms to distant sites
• Some pathogens stay at site (C. diphtheriae);
others spread (Salmonella ssp.)
 PILI/ADHESIN
• Fungtion: adhere to receptors
• E. coli on human urinary bladder cell
• N. gonorrhoeae attach to cervix and urethra
• S. pyogenes adhere to throat epithelial cells
ANTIPHAGOCYTIC FACTOR
 BIOFILM FORMATION
• A biofilm is an accumulation of microorganisms embedded in a
polysaccharide matrix.
• ± 65% of hospital-acquired infections are associated with biofilm
formation.
• reduced susceptibility to antimicrobial agents
• Easily formed on surface with relatively static flow of fluid or aiding
device that is not replaced for a long time
• Biofilm formation can occur as:
• Dental plaque
• Prosthetic joint infection
• Indwelling catheter infection, etc.
 Initial Advanced
attachment attachment Maturation Dispersion

Monroe, 2007
 EXTRACELLULER ENZYME

Hyaluronidase and collagenase digest structural materials in the body. Coagulase in effect
“camouflages” bacteria inside a blood clot, whereas kinases digest clots to release bacteria.
 TOXIN PRODUCTION

Exotoxin Endotoxin

●
Proteins excreted by living ●
Lipid molecules that are
bacteria component of cell wall and cell
●
Heat labile membrane
●
Produced by Gram (+) and (-) ●
Released when bacteria die and
●
Consists of subunit A (mediates undergo lysis
toxic activity) and B (mediates ●
Heat stable
adherence of toxin to host cell) ●
Only owned by Gram (-)
OUTCOME AND PREVENTION
OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
MANIFESTASI KLINIS :

Infection process:
• Acute
• Cronic
• Laten
 PREVENTION:

Immunization:
• Active :
• modified antigens from pathogenic
microorganisms are introduced into the body
and cause an immune response,
• thus affording strong protection,
• generally longer lasting
• Passive :
• antibodies against a particular pathogen that
have been produced in one host are
transferred to a second host
• provide temporary protection
CONCLUSION
TERIMA KASIH