LESSON 13

TOPIC

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
3. Integration by miscellaneous substitution
TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

1. Integration by parts

2. Integration by trigonometric substitution

3. Integration by miscellaneous substitution

4. Integration by partial fraction

 Integration by miscellaneous
substitution:
In this lesson we shall introduce several
substitution method to simplify the form of the
integrand. They are as follows:
A. Integration of rational functions of sine and

B. cosine using
Fractional half angle
powers of x substitution

C. Algebraic substitution

D. Reciprocal substitution
 ,

A. Integration of rational functions of sine and cosine

Half-Angle Substitution
If an integrand is a rational function of sin x, cos x
and other functions, it can be reduced to a rational
function of z, by the substitution

1
z  tan x
2
 From the identity cos 2y  2cos y  12

x
if we let y  2 then x x
cos 2    2cos2    1
2 2
x
cos x  2cos2    1
2
2
 1
 
x
sec 2  
2
2
 1
x
1  tan2  
2
2
1  z2 
1 z2
1
cos x 
1  z2 
2  1 z2
then simplifying we get 1  z2
 From the identity sin 2y  2sin y cos y
x then by doing the same
if we let y 
2 steps done in cosine 2y
we get
x
since z  tan 2
2z
sin x 
2  x  dx 1 z2
dz  sec   
2 2
 2  x 
2dz  1  tan    dx
  2 
2dz
 
2dz  1  z 2 dx dx 
1 z2
EXAMPLES: Evaluate each of the following

3dx
 5  4cos x
dx
 sin 2x  4
dx
 1  sin x  cos x
B. Fractional powers of x
If an integrand is a fractional power of the variable x
integrand can be simplified by the substitution x  z n
where n is the common denominator of the exponents
of x .
dx
EXAMPLE: Evaluate x x
C. Algebraic substitution
I. Linear Function m

If the integrand involves (ax  b) . n

The substitution z  n ax  b will eliminate the radical.

EXAMPLE: Evaluate each of the following:

 x  4dx  x  x  1
3
x 5
2
dx

2dx
 1 3
x 2
II. Quadratic Function

If the integrand involves x 2  a2 , x 2  a2 , a2  x 2

and an odd power of x.

Let u be the radical and perform the following:
1. Square both sides
2. Solve for x 2
3. Differentiate both sides to obtain x dx

  9 dx
3 2
EXAMPLE: Evaluate x x
,
D. Reciprocal substitution
If the integrand has a radical which cannot make
use of the previous substitution methods, try:
1 dz
Let x differentiate such that dx   2
z z
dx
EXAMPLE: Evaluate x x 2  2x  1
Homework 2-4:
Evaluate each of the following:
dx dx
x
3dx  

2

x  sin x  tan x t t  2 dt

3

1 x  x 2 3
x


4 dx

0
x 2
x  1dx  7 x  2 x  1 2
3
dx x x  4dx
1
x 2 1

cos xdx

dx
x 2  2x  3 cos x  5
4x 
2
2

 dx 0 5 sin x  3  x 1
x
2dx tdt
 3  5 sin x  2t  7
dx
 cos x  sin x  1