TENSILE

STRENGTH
OF STEEL
(GROUP 4.2)
Bautista, Donna Jane
Castillo, Katrine
Jazmin, Hannah
Landicho, Carl
Pilongo, Jill Lilian
 Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the session the students should be able to:

1. familiar with steel as construction material;

2. identify how to test the tensile strength of steel; and
3. apply the techniques and skills in determining the
tensile strength of steel in civil engineering field.
 Steel is defined as an alloy made from iron and
carbon which are the mostly used metal materials
in the industry. Steel is also known as ferrous
STEEL materials. Each grades of steel has unique
chemical compositions that differ in the amounts
of carbon and the added alloys.
 PROPERTIES OF STEEL

Tensile Strength
• is the amount of stress that a substance can take before
becoming structurally deformed.

Ductility
• One of the useful mechanical properties of steel, is its
ability to change shape on the application of force to it,
without resulting in a fracture.
 PROPERTIES OF STEEL

Malleability
• Malleability is closely linked with ductility and allows
steel to be deformed under compression.

Durability
• The hardness of this alloy is high, reflecting its ability to
resist strain.
 PROPERTIES OF STEEL

Conductivity
• Steel is a good conductor of heat and electricity. These
properties make it good choice for making domestic
cookware, as well as electrical wiring.

Luster
• It is silvery in color with a shiny, lustrous outer surface.
 PROPERTIES OF STEEL

Rust Resistance
• The addition of certain elements, makes some types of
steel resistant to rust. Stainless steel for instance
contains nickel, molybdenum and chromium which
improve its ability to resist rust.
 Steels are classified according to these method:
 Chemical Composition
CLASSIFICATION
Use and Application
OF STEEL
Manufacturing Processing Forms
Smelting Methods, etc.
 Chemical Composition

CARBON STEEL
• This steel consists of carbon content with less than 2%
and containing other minimal elements such as silicon,
phosphorus, sulfur and oxygen. Carbon Steel is divided
into different types that depends on its carbon content:
Chemical Composition
 Chemical Composition
ALLOY STEEL
• This steel was made by adding some alloying
elements (e.g. titanium, chromium, aluminum, copper,
nickel, molybdenum, manganese, tungsten, vanadium,
silicon) to carbon steel for the improvements of the
properties of steel. Like the strength, weld-ability,
harden-ability, ductility and others. This is commonly
used in pipelines, auto parts, transformers, power
generators and electric motors.
 Based on the type of alloying elements, here are
some example:

Stainless steel
Chemical
chrome steel
Composition manganese steel
chromium manganese steel
chrome nickel steel, chromium molybdenum
steel, silicon manganese steel and etc.
Chemical Composition
 Based on the total content of alloying elements,
it is divided into:
• Low alloy steel, total mass fraction of alloying
Chemical elements is ≤5%;

Composition • Medium alloy steel, total mass fraction of

alloying elements is 5-10%;
• High alloy steel, total mass fraction of alloying
elements is >10%.
 Use and Application

• Structural steel - used for making materials with different shapes

• Tool steel - a variety of carbon steel and alloy steel that are
particularly well-suited to be made into tools. Their suitability
comes from their distinctive hardness, resistance to abrasion and
deformation, and their ability to hold a cutting edge at elevated
temperatures.
 Use and Application
• Die steel – . Plain carbon steel or alloy steel used in
making tools for cutting, machining, shearing,
stamping, punching, and chipping.

• Spring steel - a wide range of steels used in the

manufacture of springs, prominently in automotive and
industrial suspension applications. These steels are
generally low-alloy manganese, medium-carbon steel or
high-carbon steel with a very high yield strength.
 Use and application
• Bearing steel – a machine element that supports the
movement of another element. It supports rotating shafts
against either radial or axial loads.

• Abrasion resistant steel (Wear resistant steel) -a high-

carbon steel plate that is typically alloyed with a number of
different elements such as carbon and boron. It also uses
to increase the hardness of the steel.
 Use and Application

Valve steel - Valve materials are selected for both

durability (long-term operation) and compatibility with the
gas being handled. Can also be use for on and of.

Cold heading steel - used for the manufacture of screws,

rivets, bolts and nails the wire is used cold in order to form
the required shape. Cold heading is basically a way of
forming wire into a given shape without the need for heat.
 Use and Application

• Free cutting steel - used without heat treatment or with only

tempering to relieve stresses. Free-cutting steels are utilized
primarily to make bolts, nuts, certain automobile parts, and
instruments.
• Bridge steel - used around the world in different structural
forms with different span length, such as highway bridges,
railway bridges, and footbridges. The main advantages of
structural steel over other construction materials are its
strength, ductility, easy fabrication, and rapid construction.
 • Pressure vessel steel plate - covers carbon steel
and alloy steel grades, which are designed for
Use and use in making pressure vessels, boilers, heat
exchangers and any other vessels and tanks that
Application to store liquid or gas at high pressures. It
includes applications like below or similar: Crude
Oil Storage Tanks.