RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

(3 , 4 )
 

RECTANGULAR GRID
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
One
  particularly interesting way in which
polar coordinates are used is in the
design of radar systems.

A radar is used to locate the position of

an object using polar coordinates
By measuring the time it takes for the
reflection to return, the system can
compute how far away the reflective
object is.

The doppler effect is used to track a

moving object through all the reflections
from non-moving objects such as
mountains, hills, etc… that appear on a
radar by changing the frequency
(number of crests of a wave per second)
of the radar waves.

Radar and Doppler Effect

POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
( 𝑟 ,𝜃 )
 
  𝜋
( 6,
3 )  

 
5𝜋
( 5,
4 ) POLAR AXIS
(COINCIDES WITH POSITIVE X-AXIS)

POLAR GRID
GRAPH LINES IN POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
y=𝑥
 
 
𝜋
𝜃=
4

0
3
6
-3
GRAPH HORIZONTAL LINES IN 
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM y=2
 
𝑟 sin 𝜃=2

 
 

2
GRAPH VERTICAL LINES IN
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
 
𝑥=−3
 
𝑟 cos 𝜃=−3

 
 

3
 SUMMARY OF LINES IN POLAR FORM
RECTANGULAR
TYPE OF LINES POLAR FORM FORM

𝜃=𝑎 𝑦=𝑥
  Identity function
 
OBLIQUE

𝑦=𝑎
 constant function

𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=𝑎
 
HORIZONTAL
Not a function

𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃=𝑎 𝑥=𝑎

   
VERTICAL
GRAPH CIRCLES IN POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
2 2
𝑥 +( 𝑦 −2) = 4
 

 
𝑟=4 sin 𝜃

   

0
 SUMMARY OF CIRCLES IN POLAR FORM
RECTANGULAR FORM
2 2 2
POLAR FORM ( 𝑥 −h) +( 𝑦 −𝑘 ) =𝑟
 
GRAPH

¿ 𝑎∨¿ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
  𝑎> 0
 
𝑎< 0
 

𝑟=𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
 

¿ 𝑎∨¿ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
 
 
𝑎> 0 𝑎< 0
 

𝑟=𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
 
  
SYMMETRY TEST OVER
POLAR AXIS, , OR POLE
SAME OR NOT THE
SAME
SYMMETRY TEST
𝑟=1−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 

POLAR AXIS   REPLACE WITH

(USE EVEN AND ODD IDENTITIES) 𝑟=1−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃)
 

  Not Symmetric to Polar Axis

 
 
𝑟=1−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
REPLACE WITH
Y-axis (USE EVEN AND ODD IDENTITIES)
−𝑟 =1− 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃)
 
  Not Symmetric to

𝑟=1−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 

POLE   REPLACE WITH  

−𝑟 =1− 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
“Origin”   Not Symmetric to
SUMMARY OF GRAPHS IN POLAR FORM
TYPE OF GRAPHS  

CURVE
 

CARDIOID  
LIMAҪON
(NO LOOP)
 
LIMAҪON
(LOOP)
 

ROSE
 
LIMNISCATE
 SUMMARY OF LIMAҪONS IN POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
 

RATIO LIMAҪON GRAPH

SHAPE

 
or CARDIOID
 
or INNER LOOP
  or DIMPLE (NO LOOP)
  𝑎
≥2 CONVEX
𝑏
 HOW TO GRAPH LIMAҪON IN POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
 

POLAR Determines main

axis:
Height or how far
graph
How far
graph
Lower
EQUATION /
(- left , + right) Stretches on main stretches on Point
axis opposite axis
(- below, + above)

Y-axis
1+1=2 1
 
𝑟=1− sin 𝜃
 
(Fall Below)
 
1− 1=0
 

X-axis 1+2=3 1
   
𝑟=1+2cos
  𝜃 1− 2=− 1
 
(Right)
X-axis
𝑟=3+2cos 𝜃 3+2=5 3
     

(Right)
  3 −2=1
SUMMARY OF CARDIODS IN POLAR FORM
 
|𝑎|=|𝑏|=cardiod  
length of heart
POLAR FORM GRAPHS
𝑏> 0
 
𝑏< 0
 

𝑟=𝑎 ± 𝑏 cos 𝜃
 

𝑏> 0
 
𝑏< 0
 

𝑟=𝑎 ± 𝑏 sin 𝜃
 
GRAPH CARDIOID IN POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
(Heart shaped curve)
𝑟=1−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
   

   

0
 SUMMARY OF LIMAҪON IN POLAR FORM
|𝑎|>|𝑏|=𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝
    end of LIMAҪON
 
|𝑎|<|𝑏|=𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝  
GRAPHS
length of loop LIMAҪON
POLAR FORM
 
𝑏> 0 𝑏< 0
 

𝑟=𝑎 ± 𝑏 cos 𝜃
 

𝑏> 0
 
𝑏< 0
 

𝑟=𝑎 ± 𝑏 sin 𝜃
 
 GRAPH LIMAҪON (lim-uh-son)
(without inner loop) IN POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
(French word for snail or slug-like creature)
𝑟=3+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
   
 GRAPH LIMAҪON (lim-uh-son)
(with inner loop) IN POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
(French word for snail or slug-like creature)
𝑟=1+ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
   
 HOW TO GRAPH ROSE IN POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
 

POLAR LENGTH NUMBER OF 1ST PETAL ROTATION OF

OF EACH PETALS
EQUATION PETALS (Replace in
PETAL
(n=even) for and find
(n=odd) )

 
𝜋
𝑟=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2 𝜃) 2 0
   
 
2 ∙2=4
 

2
 
𝜋  
2𝜋
2
 
𝑟=2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3 𝜃)
 
3=3
 

6 3
HOW TO GRAPH LIMNISCATE IN POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
 

POLAR EQUATION SYMMETRY PROPELLAR’S GRAPH

LENGTH

 (1)The
pole (origin) 3
 
  2
𝑟 =9 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2𝜃) 3
(2)  

(3) The polar axis

 𝜋
2
 
4

2
 
  2 (1) The pole
𝑟 =4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜃) (origin)
 GRAPH ROSE IN POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
 

𝑟=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2 𝜃)
 
𝑛 = odd(𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠)

 
 GRAPH LIMNISCATE (lem-nis-kit)
  POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
(Greek word for   ribbon)
2
(propeller shape)
𝑟 =4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜃)