COMMUNICATION

MODEL
Oral Communication in
Context
GESTURE RELAY 
In simple terms, model
means a systematic
description of a What is a
phenomenon or abstract
process. MODEL?
What are the models of
communication?
 Roman Jakobson’s model has six
components
• addresser- the sender of the
message
• addressee- the receiver of the
Jakobson’s message
Model • context- the situation in which the
message was given
• message- the idea to be expressed
• contact- the channel through which
the message passes
• code- the form of the message
The six components each had to do with six
functions of language which he enumerated
as cognitive, emotive, conative, phatic,
metalingual, and poetic.
Give one specific
example of each
of Jakobson’s
components.
Saussure’s Model (Speech Circuit Model)

• Ferdinand de Saussure, considered the father of Modern

Synchronic Linguistics, described as a model in which a
concept in the brain triggers a sound in the brain.
• The sound pattern in the brain triggers an actual pronunciation
of a sound which goes out of the mouth of a person and into the
ear of the listener where the process occurs in opposite order.
• The sound produces a sound pattern in the bran, and the sound
pattern in the brain produces a concept.

• Notable in Saussure’s model is the idea that the sound pattern

is different from the actual sound produced by the mouth or
heard by the ear.
 Concept  
 
 
Sound Pattern Tree
• We have included only those
elements considered essential; but
our schematization enables us
straight away to separate the parts
which are physical (sound waves)
form those which are physiological
(phonation and hearing) and those
which are psychological (the
sound patterns of words and the
concepts).
Shannon’s Model

• In 1948, Claude Shannon what came to be

known as Information Theory. It was primarily
concerned with the transmission of electronic
information. The diagram below illustrates his
model.
 How Shannon describe the parts of his model?
• Shannon described the parts of his model as follows
• An information source which produces a message or sequence
of messages to be communicated to the receiving terminal
• A transmitter which operates on the message in some way to
produce a signal suitable for transmission over the channel.
• The channel is merely the medium used to transmit the signal
from transmitter to receiver… during transmission, or at one of
the terminals, the signal may be perturbed by noise.
• The receiver ordinarily performs the inverse operation of that
done by the transmitter, reconstructing the message from the
signal.
• The destination is the person for whom the message is
intended.
What is noise?

Noise is anything that

garbles or makes the
message less clear.
 What are the forms of noise?
• Psychologocal Noise– originates from the original
state, mental state, and psychological makeup of a
person
• Physiological Noise—when there is a problem with
the health of the person talking or listening
• Semantic Noise—when a person does not
completely understand what he or she is saying or
hearing
• Environmental Noise—when there is a problem with
the environment like a noisy room.
What are the examples of things
that can make a message less
clear?
 Berlo’s Model
• In 1960, David K. Berlo published El Proceso de la
Communication (The Process of Communication) in
which he described his SMCR model of
communication is illustrated below:
 What are the
possible ways or
forms a message
can be sent?
 Nida’s Model
• Eugens Nida’s includes an element of noise. He also talked
about a special message called feedback. The following
diagram illustrates his model:
How important
is feedback?
 According to Perry Backburn, the code model of communication
is a result of three models:

• The conduit model—a model coming from the explanations

of ordinary people regarding language. It emphasizes the
means through which two or more people communicate.
• Saussure’s speech circuit—a simplified model of
communication focusing on how a message moves from the
brain of the sender to the brain of the receiver and vice
versa. It is described further in the section on models of
communication.
• Information theory—a model of communication coming
from electronics theory. It focuses on successful
transmission of information or messages.
 Bergs Discussion of Four Models
• In addition to the models above, Kjell Bergs discusses
four models which may be considered derivatives of the
code model of communication:
• The linear, conduit model (conduit or channel)
• The circular, interaction model (dialogic model ) active
role for receiver
• The feedback, interaction model – thinks the message
beyond what is intentionally given by the sender
• The self-regulatory model—what the senders and
receivers get from the environment.
 Give examples of
messages that a
receiver receives
that a sender may
not intentionally
have sent.