ANATOMICAL

DIRECTIONS
Module 4
ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
 terms are like the directions on a compass
rose of a map. Like the directions, North,
South, East and West, they can be used to
describe the locations of structures in
relation to other structures or locations in
the body.
ANATOMICAL POSITION
 Anatomical position
 Standard reference
point
 Body standing erect
(upright)
 Facing forward
 Arms at side
 Palms and toes
directed forward
CARDINAL PLANES
 Sagittal
 Left and right halves
 Mediolateral axis
 Midsagittal plane
 Frontal (coronal)
 Front and back halves
 Transverse (horizontal)
 Upper and lower halves
 Longitudinal axis

 Many other planes exist

 Anterior:
 Posterior:
 Ventral:
 Dorsal:
 Medial:
 Lateral:
 Distal:
 Proximal:
 Ipsilateral
 Contralateral
 Bilateral
 Unilateral
EXAMPLE
 The navel is _______ to the spine.
 The spine is _______ to the breastbone.
 The bridge of the nose is _______ to the eye.
 The nipple is _____ to the breastbone.
 The radius and ulna are ______ to the wrist.
 EXTERNAL
ANATOMY OF THE
FROG
FROG BODY PARTS AND
FUNCTIONS
EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FROG
EXTERNAL ANATOMY
OF THE
FROG
DETERMINE IF YOUR FROG IS A MALE OR
FEMALE

The sex of a frog may be determined externally by

examining the thumb pads on the front feet. The
thumb pads of males are enlarged at the base as in
the drawing on the right.
 SNOUT
 The most anterior border of the head
 BROWSPOT
 Is the vestigial eye located between the eyeballs
 EYEBALLS
 Bulgingstructures consists of the eyelids: upper and
lower eyelid and nictitating membrane
 EXTERNAL NARES
 These are two openings which are anteriously located
 TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
 Two flat rounded structure laterally behind the eyeballs
 MOUTH
 Anterior opening of the frogs body
 TRUNK
 Main mass of the body
 LIMBS
 Forelimb and posterior part hindlimb
SKELETAL SYSTEM
OF THE FROG
SKELETAL SYSTEM
 Jointed internal framework that supports the
body, protects the internal organs and serves
as attachment for muscles.
AXIAL SKELETON
 Axial skeleton (skeleton axia´le) the bones of
the cranium, vertebral column, ribs, and
sternum.
AXIAL SKELETON
 Skull
 Cranium
 Jaws
 Three pairs of sense capsules
 Nasal
 Ear
 Eye
 Premaxillae
 Maxilae
 Quadratojugal
 Nasals
 Sphenethmoid
 Fronto-parietals
 Prootics
 Squamosals
 Orbit
 Occipital condyls
 Vomers
 Parasphenoid
 Palatine
 Pterygoid
 Mentomeckelian
 Dentary
 Angulare or angulo
spenial
 •body of Hyoid
•Anterior cornua
•Posterior cornua
•Thyroid process
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
 Supports the
spinal cord.
They have 9
vertebrae and a
narrow
structure called
urostyle.
 Centrum
 Neural arch
 Neural spine
 Neural canal
 Transverse process
 Zygapophyses
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
 Composed of the
bones of the
limbs and
girdles.