HEAT FLOW

INTRODUCTION AND
GENERALITIES
 Who worked with thermodynamics?
Sadi Carnot James Prescott Joule 

Antoine Lavoisier Count Rumford

Heat produced by
The heat was a liquid, electricity and heat
because like liquids it "flows produced by mechanical
downhill" from hot objects to work and thus showed the
Heat was a fluid that cold objects.  equivalence of mechanical
Heat produced is related to
caused the atoms it Some of the heat is lost when work and heat
the amount of mechanical
surrounded to separate. it is converted to mechanical
work done by a drill.
energy (work)
Some Chemical
important Energy
The capacity for
potential energy
Energy stored in

definitions doing work or

supplying heat.
the chemical
bonds of a
substance.

Thermochemistr
Heat
y
Energy that is
transferred from one Study of energy
object or substance changes that occur
to another because of during chemical
a difference in reactions and
temperature between
them.
during changes of
state.
Heat
 Exothermic and Endothermic Processes – Previous
definitons

The law of conservation of energy: energy is neither created nor

destroyed.

System: specific portion of matter in a given space that is being studied during
an experiment or an observation.

Surroundings: everything in the universe that is not part of the system.

Types of systems
 Endothermic Process
 Heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings.
 The system gains heat from the surroundings, so the temperature
of the surroundings decreases.
 The quantity of heat for a process is represented by the letter q.

Enthalpy (H): heat content of a

system at constant pressure.
 Exothermic Process
 Heat is released by the system into the surroundings.
 Temperature of the surroundings increases.
 The sign of q for an exothermic process is negative because the
system is losing heat.

Enthalpy (H): heat content of a

system at constant pressure.
 Units of Heat
 Calorie (cal): quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.
Ex. Raising the temperature of 100 g of water from 20°C to 22°C :100 X 2 = 200 cal.
Calories contained within food are actually kilocalories (kcal). The dietary calorie is written with a capital C.

85 calories = 85 kcal of energy are released when it is processed

 Units of Heat
 Calorie (cal): quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.
Ex. Raising the temperature of 100 g of water from 20°C to 22°C :100 X 2 = 200 cal.
Calories contained within food are actually kilocalories (kcal). The dietary calorie is written with a capital C.

85 calories = 85 kcal of energy are released when it is processed

 Units of Heat
 Joule (J): unit of energy equal to the work done when a force of one newton acts through a distance of
one meter.
 Heat changes in chemical reactions are typically measured in joules rather than calories.

400. calorie