Pakistan Studies

Instructor: Aamir Hussain

aamir.hussain@kasbit.edu.pk
Third Lecture

History of Pakistan and Freedom

Struggle

 1857 War of Independence

 Failure of War of Independence and Position of
Muslims
 Muslim Education Movements in British India
 Political Development of Muslims under British
Rule
 Pakistan as an independent State
 Difficulties and problems of the new state
1857 War of Independence
 The revolt of 1857 was the most severe outburst
of anger and discontent accumulated in the
hearts of various sections of the Indian society
ever since the inception of British rule in Bengal,
following the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the
Battle of Buxar 1764.
 British historians called it a “Sepoy Mutiny” and
the Indian historians termed it as the “First War
of Independence“.
Background

 Battle of Plassey (1757)

 Nawab Sirjuddaullah was defeated by Lord
Clive in battle of Plassey and Mir Jaffer was
nominated Nawab by Lord Clive after he had
defected from Sirajuddaullah.
 East India Company took control over Diwany
rights of Bengal in 1765
What Are Diwani Rights/ Dual Governments

 East India company used to collect that

revenue during Mogul rule
 Right to collect land revenue‫ ل گ ان‬.
 Bengal, Behar, Orissa and Oudh
 50 lakhs (from Bengal), 26 lakhs (from Bihar)
and 53 lakhs (collected from Orissa & Oudh)
 Used to collect revenue more than the cost.
Famine Under East India
Company Rule
 Heavy Taxes on Land revenue caused Famine in Bengal 1770
 Before East India Company the ratio of land tax was 10%
 East India Company increased the tax up to 50%
 During that Famine East India Company further Increased the land
tax up to 10% that means the total land tax was up to 60%.

 One third of the population died.

 During that Famine even though the Indians were dying with hunger
but the East India Company’s earning was doubled.
Revolts against East India
Company
 Maj noon Shah 1770-1790
 In 1803 Famous Fatwa Given by Maulana Abdul
Aziz declared India as ‫رب‬
a ‫دارا حل‬
 Kamran Shah’s revolt 1813-1833 also called
‫ے ک یب غ ا وت‬ ‫پ گل‬
 Titoo Mir’s Struggle against East India Company
ended in 1831.
Sepoy

 Ninety-six percent of the company's of army of 300,000

men in India were native to India.
 15520 were British Sepoy
 The spending per Indian Sepoy was 13.6 Pounds
 The spending per British Sepoy was 110.4 Pounds
 In the military, Indian native Sepoys could not be
promoted to high ranks and the pay was miserable.
 The Sepoy
Mutiny of 1857

In 1857, new cartridges were issued to Indian troops of the British East Indian
Army.
The cartridges were rumored to have been greased with cow or pig grease; as
such, they were forbidden to the Indian troops because of their religious beliefs.
Moslems believe that pigs are unholy, and Hindus believe that it is unholy to kill
a cow.
The cartridges of this time required a soldier to tear open the cartridge with his
teeth, and pour the powder and bullet down the barrel of the gun. This process
would have caused the Sepoys to get soul polluting grease directly into their
bodies.
After refusing to use the new cartridges, a whole regiment of Sepoy troops were
imprisoned by the British.
Other Sepoys attempted to free these prisoners and it snowballed into a revolt
across all of northern India.
There were many massacres where hundreds of Europeans were killed by
Sepoys who were bent on revenge and on kicking the British out of India.
 Eminent Rebellions who
revolted against EIC
 Mangal Pandey (Barrackpur, Meerut)
Causes of Revolt
 Causes of 1857 Revolt

 The issue of greased cartridges and military grievances has been

over-emphasized, as the factor for the Revolt of 1857. However, the
recent research has proved that the cartridge was neither the only
cause nor even the most important. In fact, the multiple causes i.e.,
social-religious-political- economic worked together to produce the
rebellion.
Causes of Revolt
 1. Social and Religious Causes: Indians had a suspicion that they would be converted
to Christianity under the new regime. The fear was largely due to the activities of some of
the activities of some Christian missionaries. The English also established Chapels and
Churches for propagating Christianity. The religious sentiments of the people were further
hurt when a tax was imposed on the construction of temples and mosques.
 The spread of English education, the construction of railways and telegraph lines, legislation
for the suppression of sati and the remarriage of the widows stimulated Indians belief that
the British were determined to convert the people to Christianity. The introduction of
railways was resented on the ground that people of all castes would have to travel in the
same compartments. The common people did not appreciate these changes.
 The educated Indians were also denied high posts. Humiliation and torture were inflicted
upon Indians in their own country. This racial discrimination hurt Indian sentiments
tremendously.
 British Officers abused the name of Ram and Muhammad.

Causes of Revolt
 2. Economic Causes: The first two hundred years (sixteenth and seventeenth centuries) the
East India Company confined its activities to trade and commerce and had no political intention.
The production of the Indian goods became so popular that the British government had to pass a
law in 1720 forbidding the use of Indian textiles.
 During the 18th century, the pattern of trade went through a drastic change. With the advent of
the Industrial Revolution, England developed its own textile industry and with that the
dependence on Indian textiles came to an end. Demand for Indian textiles having reduced, the
local hand-loom industry faced heavy losses and suffered badly.
 Gradually, the Indian handicraft and Cottage industries died out. There was major unemployment
problem and that resulted in resentment among workers against the British rule. The little
patronage that they received from the native princes also was gone because of the annexations
of those dominions. The miserable condition of the working class led to this rebellion against the
British Rule. The trade and commerce of the country was monopolized by
 the by the East Indian Company. No efforts were made to improvise on the living conditions of the
people.
 The British confiscated the lands and properties of many landlords. These landlords became
leaders of the Revolt.
 Thousands of soldiers under the employment of the native states became jobless when the states
were annexed to the British dominion. As many as 60,000 families lost their livelihood, when
Oudh’s army was disbanded. Naturally the disbanded soldiers were seething with anger and were
seeking an opportunity to strike at the new regime which had deprived them of their livelihood.
Causes of Revolt
 3. Military Grievances: The extension of British dominion in India had adversely
affected the service condition of the Sepoys. They were required to serve in area
away from their homes without the payment of extra remuneration. An important
cause of Military discontent was the General Service Enlistment Act, 1856, which
made it compulsory for the sepoys to cross the seas, whenever required.
 Disregarding the fact that the Indian soldiers were efficient, the British officials paid
them poor. Indian soldiers who had formerly held high offices found themselves in low
ranks. All the higher ranks were reserved for white men irrespective of their capacity
to perform.
 4. Political Causes: Lord Dalhousie’s policy of annexation caused uproar among the
people of India. The annexation of Jhansi, Satara and Nagpur shocked the Hindus as
they were predominantly Hindu states. The remaining Hindus and Muslims who were
unaffected became insecure, lest they meet the same fate.
 To make matters worse Lord Dalhousie announced in 1849 that Bahadur Shah Zafar
will not be allowed to stay in the Red Fort anymore and they were compelled to move
to a place near Qutab Minar. To further worsen the situation Lord Canning announced
in 1856 that with the demise of Bahadur Shah Zafar, his successor will not be allowed
to use the title “king”.
OUTCOME

Therevolt was
completely suppressed
and crushed by July
1858.
 CAUSES OF FAILURE OF THE
REVOLT
 Lack of unity amongst Indians was one of the
important reasons for the failure of WOI. The war
spread over a few places. Starting from Meerut it
spread to Delhi, Lucknow, Allahabad, Kanpur, Gwalior
and Jhansi. Each area had its own leader. In Delhi the
Mughal emperor bahadur shah II was made the
commander. Hazrat mahal led the rebel forces in
lucknow .Nana sahib and Tatia Topi rose up in
Kanpur. Rani lakshmibai fought in Gwalior and Jhansi
but there was no link and coordination between them.
 The British had better resources than the rebels.
 CAUSES OF FAILURE OF THE
REVOLT
 The reason for lack of unity was that there was no
common cause and no common planning. Muslims
wanted to bring back Muslim rule, while Hindus
wanted that the power should be in hands of Hindu
rulers such as Marathas.
 Another aspect of lack of unity was that there was no
common leader and concept of nationalism was
absent among Indian people. Most of the local fighters
were interested in their personal security and
wellbeing.
 CAUSES OF FAILURE OF THE
REVOLT
 Many Indian states rulers sided and helped the
British. Rulers of Gwalior, Kashmir, Hyderabad and
Nepal were loyal and offered help to British. The Sikh
from Punjab assisted the British to regain Delhi and
the ruler of Kashmir sent 2000 troops to support the
British. The leaders of Indian forces did not come to
support one another.
 The revolt was poorly organized. There was also no
planning, no arrangement for training of soldiers and
no supply of weapons and funds on a regular basis
which was essential to conduct a successful war.
Therefore the local forces were too weak to face the
British.
 CAUSES OF FAILURE OF THE
REVOLT
 The revolt was feudal in character.
 The leaders lacked military skills.
 The native princes did not join the revolt.
IMPACT OF THE REVOLT

1) The control of Indian administration was

transferred from the company to the crown
by the GOI Act 1858
IMPACT OF THE REVOLT

2) The Queen promised to respect Rights &

dignity. General amnesty to all offenders
except murderers.
IMPACT OF THE REVOLT

3) The Indian army was reorganised.

Included Sikhs, Gurkhas & Pathans.
IMPACT OF THE REVOLT

4) The Mughal dynasty ended with the

elimination of Bahadur Shah II & was
replaced by British Crown.
IMPACT OF THE REVOLT

5) Freedom of religion granted.

IMPACT OF THE REVOLT

6) As per Queen’s Proclamation, more

Indians joined the administration.
IMPACT OF THE REVOLT

8) The British introduced the policy of Divide

& Rule that led to the partition of India in
1947.
Muslim Education Movements
in British India
 Darul-Uloom Deoband (1866) – religious
education
 Aligarh Movement (1875) - secular

 Darul Uloom Nadwa (1894) - both

 Muslim Education Movements in British India
 Darul-Uloom Deoband (1866) – religious education
 The day of Thursday, 15th Muharram, A.H. 1283 (May 30, 1866), was that
blessed and auspicious day in the Islamic history of India when the
foundation stone for the renaissance of Islamic sciences was laid in the land
of Deoband. Seeing the simple and ordinary manner in which it had been
started, it was difficult to visualize and decide that a Madrasah beginning so
humbly, with utter lack of equipment's, was destined to become the center,
within a couple of years, of the Islamic sciences in Asia.
 Students desirous of studying the Holy Book and the Sunnah, the Shari'ah
and the Tariqah (the spiritual path), began to flock here in droves from this
sub continent as well as from neighboring and distant countries like
Afghanistan, Iran, Bukhara and Samarqand, Burma, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Turkey and the far off regions of the continent of Africa, and within a short-
time the radiant rays of knowledge and wisdom illumined the heart and mind
of the Muslims of the continent of Asia with the light of faith (Iman) and
Islamic culture.

Muslim Education Movements
in British India
 Aligarh Movement (1875) – secular
 After the war of independence the condition of the Muslims of India were very
miserable as the British fell more on the Muslims than on Hindus.  They
considered that Muslims were responsible for all the wrongs and the war held just
because of their harsh and rude behavior. After 1857, the Muslims emerged as a
backward nation; they were illiterate and hopelessly ignorant in every walk of life.
 In such conditions, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan came forward and guided the Muslims
towards the right path
 He started a movement in order to give respectable position to Muslims in society
as they had in past, this movement is known as Aligarh Movement. The main
focus of the Aligarh movement was:
 Loyalty to British Government.
 Modern western education for the Muslims to compete with Hindus.
 To keep away the Muslims from politics.
Muslim Education Movements in British India
Sir Syed realized that this miserable and deplorable condition of
Muslims was due to the lack of modern education.
He commenced an educational program in order to uplift the
deprived and disappointed Muslims, who had lost their past glory.
In 1859, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan set up a school for Muslims in
Muradabad where English, Persian, Islamiat, Arabic, Urdu were
compulsory subjects.
In 1862, Sir Syed was transferred from Muradabad to Ghazipur
where he established another school for Muslims, which was known
as Madrass Ghazipur.
In 1875, Sir Syed established Mohammedan Anglo Oriental
School at Aligarh. In 1877, the school was upgraded to the level of
college which was inaugurated by Lord Lytton. The main
characteristic of this college was that it offered both Western and
Eastern educations. Later on, this college was raised to the level of
university, after the death of Sir Syed in 1920.
Muslim Education Movements
in British India
 Darul Uloom Nadwa (1894) – both
 In the second half of the nineteenth century many educational institutions were founded
to educate the Muslims of India and make them equal in all terms with their Hindu fellow
countrymen. In this regard one of the major educational institutions was that of Nadva tul
Ulama. Two of its predecessors the Aligarh School and College and Dar-ul-Uloom-i-
Deoband were in contrast to each other. Aligarh emphasized on the modern western
education, fruitful for the Muslims of India while Deoband, on the other hand, devised to
make Muslims a progressed nation by enhancing their religious spirit and knowledge of
religion. In those circumstances there was a great need of the emergence of an institution
that could deliver the two types of education at the same time and at one place. Thus for
that purpose Nadva-tul-Ulama was founded in 1894 at Lucknow by Moulvi Abdul Ghaffar,
who was working as the deputy collector for the British government of India.

Muslim Education Movements
in British India
 The objectives of the establishment of the
new institution were as under:
  
 1. Remove sectarianism among the ranks of the Muslims
 2. Elimination of the prevailing extremist educational ideas
 3. Improvement of the educational syllabus
 4. Elimination of social evils
 5. Improvement of all aspects of Muslims’ lives
 6. Muslim separation from politics
 7. Establishment of a grand educational institution to impart all
sorts of education both, religious and secular
 Political Development of Muslims under British Rule

 Partition of Bengal - 1905

 The partition of Bengal was the most important
event during the rule of Lord Curzon. It was
carried out mainly for the convenience of
administration. Bengal in those days was the
biggest province of India extending over 1, 89,
000 square miles with a population of 80 million.
After Lord Curzon took charge as Governor
General of India the discussion over the Partition
began due to the following issues:
Political Development of Muslims under British Rule

 Partition of Bengal - 1905

 Vastness of Province: The Province was spread over the area of 1, 89,
000 square miles with the population of 80 million, which was too vast to be
managed by one lieutenant Governor.  
 Limited Sources of Communication: The sources of communication in
the provinces were limited due to rivers and forests. The law and order
condition of the provinces was also worst due to insufficient police and in-
efficient management.
 Difference of Language: There was also the difference of Languages and
civilization of the natives of West Bengal and East Bengal. The natives of
West Bengal considered themselves superior in civilization to the resident
of East Bengal.  
 Need of the time: The division of Bengal was the need of the time to
develop trade in East Bengal and to promote the Port of Chittagong, which
could be done only by division of the Provinces.

Political Development of Muslims under
British Rule
 Muslims’ Response
 It received a favorable response from the Muslims. It was thought that it would
bring the emancipation of Muslims socially and economically. The Muslims
welcomed the Partition of Bengal for the following reasons:
 In the majority province of East Bengal the Muslims would be free from Hindu
dominance in economic field. They would get opportunities of services and
advancement of agriculture. 
 The city of Dacca, where the Muslims were in majority was the centre of Muslim
culture. In Dacca Muslims had a great chance of success for social and cultural
advancement than in Calcutta. 
 The Partition could result in political uplift and securing represent action in the
Government. 
 The partition of Bengal relieved the Muslims from competing with Hindus, who
were more advanced in every field of life.


Political Development of Muslims under
British Rule
 Hindus Response
 The Hindus did not accept it, as it dealt a telling blow to their monopolies and
exclusive hold on economic, social, Political life of the whole of Bengal. They called
it as a deliberate attempt by British Government 
 The Partition of Bengal had brightened the possibility of betterment of Muslims;
while the Hindu landlords, capitalists and traders wanted status quo and to continue
the exploitation of the Muslims.
 Hindu lawyers also reacted to the partition of Bengal because they thought that the
new province would have its separate courts and thus their practice would be
affected.
 Hindus had their monopoly over almost whole of the province press. They were
afraid that new newspapers would be established which would decrease their
income naturally. 
 The Hindus launched Swadeshi Movement whose sole purpose was to boycott of
British goods.


Political Development of Muslims under British
Rule
 Annulment of the Partition
 
 When Lord Hardinage assumed charge as Governor
General of India Hindus again became active and sent a
representation to him for the annulment of partition of
Bengal.
 He recommended the same to the British Prime Minister for
Indian Affairs. On the occasion of the visiting His Majesty
George V to Indo-Pakistan and holding of Darbar at Delhi on
12th December 1911 the partition of Bengal was cancelled.


Political Development of
Muslims under British Rule
 The All India Muhammadan Educational
Conference was an organisation promoting modern,
liberal education for the Muslim community in India.
 It was founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, also the
founder of the Aligarh Muslim University. 
 All India Mumammadan Educational Conference was
the origin of the All-India Muslim League.
 The Muslim League was born in the 20th session of All
India Muhammadan Educational Conference
All India Muslim League(1906)
 After the Congress sponsored agitation against the partition of
Bengal (1905) an All India Muhammadan Educational Conference
was held at Shahbag in Dhaka, capital of the then East Bengal and
Assam Province in the year 1906.
 The conference was sponsored by Nawab Khwaja
Salimullah the Nawab of Dhaka.
 The conference was inaugurated on 27 December 1906 and
continued till 29 December 1906.
 The inaugural session was chaired by Nawab Justice Sharfuddin,
the newly appointed justice of Calcutta High Court.
All India Muslim League(1906)
 On 30 December 1906 political session of the conference took
place.
 It was chaired by Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk. In this session a
motion to form an All India Muslim League (AIML) was
proceeded.
 Initially a party styled as All India Muslim Confederacy was
discussed. But, in the process the name All India Muslim
League, proposed by Nawab Khawaja Sir Salimullah Bahadur
and seconded by Hakim Ajmal Khan, was resolved in the
meeting.
 All delegates were registered as members of the proposed
party led by Janab Muhsin-ul-mulk and Janab Viqar-ul-mulk
was Joint Conveners.
 AIML was first Muslim political party in the history of India.
Muslim League Objective
All India Muslim League was established for
the furtherance of following objectives:-
 To promote among the Muslims of India
feelings of loyalty to the British
Government and to remove any
misconception that may arise as to the
intention of the government with
regard to any of the measures.
Muslim League Objective
 To protect and advance the political
rights and interests of the Muslims of India
and to respectfully represent their needs
and aspirations to the Government.
 To prevent the rise among the Muslims of
India of any feelings of hostility towards
other communities without prejudice to
other aforementioned objects of the
League.
Lucknow Pact – 1916 (to give Muslims
their due representation)
 Lucknow pact is considered as a significant event in the
political constitutional history of India.
 The inclusion of Quaid-e-Azam in the Muslim league was
a historic event, which gave new direction to Muslim
league’s political struggle. Self-rule for India brought the
Muslim league and the Congress closer to each other.
The leaders of the both parties agreed that they should
cooperate with each other to make the British accept
their demands. They acknowledged that the objectives
can be achieved if the two major communities of India
forget their differences
Lucknow Pact – 1916 (to give Muslims
their due representation)
 The relations between the British government and
Muslims were tensed due to aggressive and unilateral
policies of the British.
 The annulment of the partition of Bengal in 1911 was a
jolt for the Muslims of India; consequently it shattered
their confidence in British and brought Muslims closer to
Hindus against the British.
Lucknow Pact – 1916

Salient features were:-

 The concept of separate electorate was

conceded.
 The Hindus conceded that the Muslims
would have one third representation in the
imperial legislative council.
Lucknow Pact – 1916
 The Muslim weightage in the provinces as
noted below should be increased. The share
would be Punjab – 50%, U.P. 30%, C.P.
15%, Bombay 35%, Bengal 40%, Bihar 25%,
Madras 15%.
 No bill affecting a particular community
should be proceeded within any council, if
three-fourths of the representatives of
that community opposed it.
Two Nation theory
 First articulated in the Presidential
address to the All India Muslim league
in 1930 by Allama Iqbal, the famous
poet, philosopher and politician.
 Argued that the aspirations of two
different communities, especially
when one was a minority, and the
other a majority, could be addressed
within one state
 Was in disagreement with both Nehru
and Gandhi
 In India’s nationalist discourse this
came to be known as Muslim
separatism.
 Pakistan Resolution
 With the introduction of political reforms in India by the British, the
Muslims realized that they would become a permanent minority in a
democratic system and it would never be possible for them to
protect their fundamental rights. They only constituted one-fourth of
the total Indian population and were much lesser in number than the
majority Hindu community.
 With the clarity of mind and backing of the Muslim community
behind him, Quaid-i-Azam called for the 27th annual session of the
All India Muslim League to be held from March 22 to 24, 1940 at
Lahore.
 The venue of the session was Minto Park near Badshahi Masjid and
Lahore Fort. The inaugural session was planned at around three in
the afternoon on March 22.
 Pakistan Resolution
 The Quaid in his two hours presidential address in English narrated
the events that took place in the past few months and concluded,
“Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religious
philosophies, social customs and literature. They neither inter-marry
nor inter-dine together, and, indeed, they belong to two different
civilizations.
 On March 23, A.K. Fazul Haq, the Chief Minister of Bengal, moved
the historical Lahore Resolution.
 Besides many others, the Resolution was seconded by Chaudhary
Khaliquzzam from UP, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab, Sardar
Aurangzeb from the N. W. F. P, Sir Abdullah Haroon from Sindh,
and Qazi Muhammad Esa from Baluchistan. Those who seconded
the resolution, in their speeches declared the occasion as a historic
one. The Resolution was eventually passed on the last day of the
moot, i.e. March 24.
 Pakistan Resolution
 The name Pakistan was not used in the resolution and the official
name of the resolution was Lahore Resolution. It was the Hindu
newspapers including Partap, Bande Matram, Milap, Tribune, etc.,
who ironically coined the name Pakistan Resolution. However, the
idea was appreciated by the Muslim masses and the Resolution is
more known as Pakistan Resolution.
 The Hindu reaction was, of course, quick, bitter, and malicious.
They called the “Pakistan” demand “anti-national. The British were
equally hostile to the Muslim demand.
 Pakistan Resolution
 The All India Muslim League Resolution of March 1940, commonly
known as the Pakistan Resolution, is undoubtedly the most important
event that changed the course of Indian history and left deep marks
on world history.
 With the passage of this Resolution, the Muslims of the sub-continent
changed their demand from “Separate Electorates” to a “Separate
State.”  
 This Resolution rejected the idea of a United India and the creation of
an independent Muslim state was set as their ultimate goal. It gave
new energy and courage to the Muslims of the region who gathered
around Quaid-i-Azam from the platform of the Muslim League to
struggle for their freedom.
 The dynamic leadership of the Quaid and the commitment and
devotion of the followers made it possible for them to achieve an
independent state within seven years of their struggle, and that too
when the odds were against them.
Pakistan as an independent State
Partition Plan 3rd June, 1947
The main characters of plan were:-
 The legislatures of Punjab and Bengal shall decide
whether the provinces should be divided or not.
 States should be free and independent to join one
or the other country.
 A boundary commission shall be setup which will
demarcate the boundaries of the countries.
 Both countries shall have their own Governor
Generals who will be the executive head of their
respective countries.
 Military assets shall be divided amongst two countries
after partition.
Pakistan as an independent State
Indian Independence Act 1947
On 14 July 1947, the Indian Independence bill was moved in the
British Parliament which became an act on 18 July 1947.
According to this act:-
 India was to be divided into two sovereign states of
Pakistan and India and the British control over India would come
to an end on 15th August 1947.
 The princely states were given the option to join one or the
other country.
 The act of 1935 was to remain in force until both countries
draft their own constitutions.
Pakistan as an independent State
Pakistan achieved independence and
was declared a sovereign state
following the end of the British Raj on
14th August 1947.
Pakistan came into existence as a result
of the Pakistan Movement, which aimed
for the creation of an
independent Muslim state
Early Problems of Pakistan

 The emergence of Pakistan, after a long and difficult

freedom movement, was actually a great victory of the
democratic idea of life. The Indian Muslims happily and
boldly laid down their lives and properties to achieve a
destination in which they saw the fulfillment of their
dreams of living an independent life free from Hindu and
British dominance.
 From its very beginning, Pakistan faced a large number
of problems. Some of the initial difficulties were :
Choice of Capital and Establishment of
Government

The first problem that Pakistan had to face was

to choose a capital to form a Government and
to establish a secretariat. Karachi was chosen
as the capital of Pakistan.
 Quaid-e-Azam took the office of the Governor
General, Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed as
Prime Minister and a Cabinet of experienced
persons was selected. Arrangements were to
be made to bring the officials who had opted
for Pakistan from Delhi to Karachi.
Unfair Boundary Distribution
 A boundary commission was set up under a British
Chairman, Sir Cyril Redcliff. He misused his powers
and handed over Muslims majority areas like
Gurdaspur, Ferozepur, Hyderabad (Deccan) and
Junagadh to India hence providing them a gateway to
Kashmir.
 Quaid-e-Azam called it an unjust, incomprehensible
and even perverse award. NWFP (Ghaffar Khan was
with Congress but the masses opted to ally with
Pakistani government).
The Massacre of Muslims, Hindu & Sikh Refugees in
sub-continent

Around 2 million refugees were killed as well as

robbed during mass migration.
Division of Military and Financial Assets
 In order to embarrass Pakistan financially, India
showed a lot of enmity in the matters of Pakistan
which were concerned with its benefits. Pakistan
was promised to get Rs. 750 million but the Indian
Government refused to give it.
 Pakistan received only 200 million.
 Pakistan also did not receive the due share of the
military assets. This dishonest attitude initially put
Pakistan into great financial difficulties. Due to
Ghandiji’s protest, some of the remaining amount
was transferred to Pakistan.
Canal Water Dispute
 Most of the rivers flowing in Pakistan have their
origin in India. In 1948, India stopped water
supply to Pakistani canals to damage the
Pakistani agriculture. However on 9th
September, 1960 an agreement called Indus
Basin Treaty was signed between the two
countries.
Kashmir Dispute
 Kashmir dispute is the most important and
unresolved problem. Kashmir is the natural part of
Pakistan because at the time of partition 85% of
the Kashmir's total population was Muslim.
 The Hindu Dogra Rule, who was secretly with the
Government of India, declared Kashmir as a part
of India. Pakistan has continuously insisted that
Kashmir must get their right of self determination
but due to non-cooperation of India, Kashmir issue
still remain unsolved.
Annexation of Princely States
 All Indian princely states were given the right to
link up with either of states. However, the fate of
some states remained undecided. The Muslim
Nawab governing Junagadh favored in acceding to
Pakistan. But Indian Government sent Army troops
towards Junagadh and occupied the State by force
in November, 1947.
 Hyderabad Deccan was the largest and richest
state ruled by Muslim leader Nizam who decided
to remain independent. But pressure tactics began
to the applied by Indian Government and
Mountbatten. India attacked Hyderabad on 13th
September 1948 and forcibly annexed this state to
India.
Economic Problems
 When Pakistan came into existence, it mostly
consisted of economically backward and
underdeveloped areas. The agricultural system
was obsolete and outdated which added to the
economic backwardness of the areas forming part
of Pakistan.
 Before partition, the Hindus, with the blessings of
the British Government, had acquired complete
monopoly in trade and commerce.
 The entire capital was in the hands of the Hindus.
Unfortunately, the banks and other financial
institutions were located in Indian territory.
 The major industries were also in those areas
which were part of India.
Cont.

 Besides these factors the technical experts and

laborers, who operated the industries, were all
Hindus because the Muslims extremely lagged
behind in education and financial capabilities.
 The insufficient system of transportation and
communication also made its adverse affect on
economic development of the country. The
railway system and river transportation in East
Pakistan was in depleted condition.
Cont.
 The roads were in shabby and irreparable
condition. The communication and
transportation system in West Pakistan,
comparatively, was in better position. The
power resources in the two wings were rare
and small which were insufficient to meet the
national requirement.
Administrative Problems
 Pakistan came into being under the most terrible
conditions. The Government of Pakistan could not get
enough time to set up workable administrative
machinery because of the great difficulties created by
Congress (due to division of military assets). The Indian
Government adopted delaying strategies in transferring
the Government servants and official record which
aggravated the situation.
 Therefore, the immediate task before the nation was to
establish a workable administrative and Government
machinery to run the affairs of the newly born state.
Cont.
 The biggest administrative problem facing
Pakistan was the acute shortage of competent and
experienced employees in the Central and
Provincial Governments.
 Furthermore, there weren't enough chairs, tables
or even stationery and paper pins for
administrative purposes. However, Quaid-e-Azam
paid his immediate attention towards setting up of
administrative machinery and took a number of
steps to overcome the administrative problems of
the new state.
Constitutional Problem
 Dominion Status – Until they form their own
constitution, they remained under the Colonial rule
(Indians managed to form it in 1949 courtesy Dr.
Bhimarao Ramji Ambedkar whereas Pakistan
developed it in 1956).
 At the time of establishment of Pakistan, the
Government of India Act 1935 became the working
constitution of Pakistan.
 But the need of a constitution framed by the elected
representatives of the people was necessary for free
people. So the first constituent assembly was formed
and was given the task to frame the constitution for the
country. But the constituent assembly failed to frame a
constitution even in eight years.
CONT.
 Lack of a permanent constitution created
chances of corrupt interference in democratic
progress of Pakistan.
 On the other hand, the constituent assembly
conferred extra ordinary powers on Governor
General which afterwards led to future
constitutional crisis.
Power Problem

 Due to unfair demarcation, electricity system of

West Punjab was disrupted. Pakistan had limited
sources of water & irrigation. India's estimated hydral
power generation capacity was 30-40 million KW
while Pakistan was merely a half million KW.