Classification and

Types of Research
Inst. Abbey Jeremy Domingo Garcia, LPT
Air Link International Aviation College
Qualitative Research
It deals with understanding human behavior in a natural setting. It is
naturalistic in nature because it studies human behavior and the reasons that
govern it (Sanchez, 2003).

Naturalistic investigations place heavy emphasis on understanding the

human experience as if is lived, usually through collections and analysis of
data that are narrative and subjective.
Advantages of Qualitative Research
1. Gaining insights on and an understanding of the individual’s perception
of events;
2. Concerned with in-depth descriptions of people on events and their
interpretation of experiences;
3. Data are collected through unstructured interviews and participant
observation.
4. The research is to synthesize the patterns and the theories in data.
5. Not limited by existing theories but must be open to new ideas and
theories.
Limitations of Qualitative Research
1. It is reductionist; it reduces human experience to just a few concepts
under investigation.

2. The subjective nature of naturalistic inquiry, which sometimes causes

concerns about the nature of conclusions; and

3. Most naturalistic studies involve a relatively small group of people.

Types of Qualitative
Research
1. Phenomenology
It is a study wherein human experience are examined through the detailed
descriptions of the people being studied – a study of essences.

It is both an approach to, and a method of, understanding the behavioral,

emotive, and social meanings of lived experiences of individuals.
Examples:
● A Qualitative Phenomenological Exploration of Teachers' Experience With Nutrition
Education

● A Phenomenological Study into How Students Experience and Understand the University
Presidency

● A Phenomenological Study of the Attitudes & Perceptions of Middle School Students

towards the Character, Advocacy, Remediation, Enrichment, & School Spirit (CARES)
Program
2. Ethnography
The purpose is to describe a culture’s characteristics. The researcher
frequently lives with the people and becomes a part of their culture.

During the immersion process, the researcher must talk to the key persons
and personalities called the key informants who can provide important data.
Examples:
● Ethnographic Research among Drinking Youth Cultures: Reflections from
Observing Participants

● The Everyday Lives of Men: An Ethnographic Investigation of Young Adult

Male

● An Ethnographic Study of Violence Experienced by Dalit Christian Women in

Kerala State, India and the Implications of this for Feminist Practical Theology
3. Historical
It is done to describe and examine
events of the past to understand the
present and anticipate potential further
effects.

It is locating facts and relating them to

present and to the future.
Sources:
a. Primary Sources
● history
● written records
● diaries
● eyewitnesses’ accounts
● pictures
● videos
● other physical evidences
Sources:
b. Secondary Sources
● Second-hand information
examples:
 a person narrates information heard from the original
sources
 material written as an abstract of the diaries and other
original materials
Hallmarks of Historical Research
It involves establishing the authenticity
or originality of the materials by
Internal Criticism
looking at the consistency of
information.
It is based on the analysis of the printed
materials; the ink and the type of paper
External Criticism
used; the layout and physical
appearance; and age and texture.
 4. Case Study
The purpose of this is to describe-in-depth experience of
one person, family, group, community or institution.

It is a direct observation and interaction with the

subject.

Data collection includes interview with audiotape and

videotape, direct, has participants’ observation, field
notes, journal, and logs.
 Purposes of Case Study

1. to gain insights into a little-known problem

2. provide background data for broader studies; and

3. explain socio-psychological and socio-cultural processes.

Classification and
Types of Research
Inst. Abbey Jeremy Domingo Garcia, LPT
Air Link International Aviation College
Quantitative Research
It is a traditional, positivist, scientific method which refers to a general set
order by disciplined procedures to acquire information (de Belen, 2015).

The researcher progresses logically through a series of steps according to a

pre-specified plan of action.

Researchers gather empirical evidence.

Types of Quantitative
Research
 1. Survey Research

It uses interviews, questionnaires, and

sampling to get a sense of behavior
with intense precision.

It can be conducted around one group

specifically or used to compare several
groups.
 2. Correlational Research

It test the relationship between two

variables.

Performing correlational research is

done to establish what the effect of one
on the other might be and how that
affects the relationship.
3. Causal-Comparative Research

It looks to uncover a cause and effect relationship.

It looks solely for a statistical relationship between the two

variables it tries to identify.
3. Causal-Comparative Research

It looks to uncover a cause and effect relationship.

It looks solely for a statistical relationship between the two

variables it tries to identify.
Examples of Causal-Comparative Research

A Causal-Comparative Study on the Effect of Proficiency-Based Education on School

Climate

The Impact of Troops to Teachers Participants on Student Achievement: A Causal-Compa

rative Study

A Causal-Comparative Study of Third Grade Reading Achievement and the Use of Comm

ercial Reading Programs to Promote Literacy
4. Experimental Research

It is guided specifically by a
hypothesis. Sometimes it can have
several hypotheses.

● A hypothesis is a statement to be
proven or disproved.
Examples of Experimental Research

● An Experimental Study on the Effectiveness of

Multimedia in College English Teaching

● Beauty Sleep: Experimental Study on the Perceived

Health and Attractiveness of Sleep Deprived People
Classification and
Types of Research
Inst. Abbey Jeremy Domingo Garcia, LPT
Air Link International Aviation College
Mixed Methods Research Design
It is a type of research where the researcher mixes or combines quantitative
and qualitative research techniques.

● When two different approaches are used to study the same phenomenon
and produce the same result, the researchers have superior evidence for
the result.
Two Types of Mixed Methods Research

1. Mixed Method Research

The researcher uses the qualitative paradigm for one phase of

the study and the quantitative paradigm for another phase of
the study.
Two Types of Mixed Methods Research

1. Mixed Model Research

The research mixes both qualitative and quantitative research

approaches within a stage of the study or across the stages of
the research process.