ORGANISMA

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 L BIOLOGY

MODULE 1:
PLANT AND ANIMAL
ORGAN SYSTEMS AND
THEIR FUNCTIONS
 What do plants and
animals need to sustain
growth?
 PROCESSES IN PLANTS AND
ANIMALS
REPRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT
NUTRITION
GAS EXCHANGE
TRANSPORT/CIRCULATION
 PROCESSES IN PLANTS AND
ANIMALS
REGULATION OF BODY FLUIDS
CHEMICAL AND NERVOUS CONTROL
IMMUNE SYSTEMS
SENSORY AND MOTOR MECHANISMS
 1. REPRODUCTION
Is a biological process in which different
organisms have the ability to produce another of
their kind.
 2 KINDS OF
REPRODUCTION
Asexual
Sexual
 KINDS OF ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
BUDDING – an organism is reproduced by
forming an outgrowth, or a “bud,” from a part of
the parent organism’s body
FRAGMENTATION – an organism is produced
from the detached body part of its parent
 KINDS OF ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
BINARY FISSION – a parent organism (e.g. a
unicellular organism) splits into two daughter organism.
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION – a plant is used to
reproduce another plant
SPORE FORMATION – this involved the production
of spores, which are specialized asexual reproductive
cells
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
This type of reproduction is exhibited only by
higher forms of organisms, including humans. In
this process, the sperm and the egg fuse to create a
fertilized egg known as zygote, which will
eventually become the embryo.
TRAITS IN ORGANISMS
Color display
Sexual selection
 2. DEVELOPMENT
Plants and animals have progressed differently. Based
on phylogenetic evidence or the evolutionary history of
organisms, the primitive ancestor of plants and animals
was likely a unicellular eukaryote
However, based on molecular evidence from gene
comparisons, there is not much similarity between the
genes that make up the body plan of plants and of
animals
MORPHOGENESIS – change in shape
Plants develop by going through a longer period
of morphogenesis than animals
 3. NUTRITION
 is the process of providing or obtaining food
necessary for health, survival, and growth of an
organism
 MODE OF NUTRITION
AUTOTROPHIC
HETEROTROPHIC
AUTOTROPHIC
Can manufacture their own nutrients by synthesizing
inorganic materials. Two types:
1. Photoautotrophic – directly use energy from the sun
and other inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide
and water to form organic food. e.g. some forms of
bacteria and protists
2. Chemoautotrophic – use chemicals to create simpler
organic substances important for their survival.
HETEROTROPHIC
Cannot make their own food, and thus obtain their energy by
digesting organic matter. (animals, fungi and some bacteria)
1. Saprophytic/saprotrophic – organisms obtain their nutrients from
dead organic matter (saprophytes)
2. Parasitic – an organism takes food from another organism
a. ectoparasitism – this type of parasitism happens when the
parasite is outside the body of the host (fleas and lice)
b. endoparasitism – this type of parasitism involves parasites that
live inside the body of the host. (roundworms or hookworms)
3. Holozoic – organisms ingest solid/liquid food.
A. herbivorous
B. carnivorous
C. omnivorous
 4. GAS EXCHANGE
Are important because they are required for
different metabolic reactions to proceed.
Important biological process that allows
organisms to survive
ANIMALS
CELL MEMBRANE – it is a structure used by
unicellular organisms for gas exchange. Gases
directly pass through the cell membrane through
diffusion. (bacteria)
BODY SURFACE/SKIN – it is a respiratory
covered with thin and most epithelial cells that
allow oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Gases
can only cross the cell membrane when they are
dissolved in an aqueous solution, and thus the
surface should be moist. ( flatworms and frogs)
GILLS – they greatly increase the surface area for
gas exchange in aquatic organisms. Gill are
convoluted outgrowths containing blood vessels
covered by a thin layer of epithelial cells. They can
be found either externally (amphibian) or internally
(fish).
TRACHEAL SYSTEMS – they are composed of
a series of respiratory tubes that carry the gases
directly to the cells for gas exchange. Gases enter
and exit through the openings at the body surface
called spiracles (grasshoppers and cockroaches)
LUNGS – these are ingrowths of the body wall
that connect to the outside environment by a series
of respiratory tubes and small openings. The lungs
are one of the most complex respiratory organs of
animals (human)
PLANTS
Gas exchange mainly occurs in the leaves.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two
biological processes involved in gas exchange in
plants
 5.
TRANSPORT/CIRCULA
TION
 Transport in plants
Organs Plants have two main circulatory
associated organs:
/Medium • Xylem – transport water and
used for nutrients from the roots to the
circulation different parts of the plant
• Phloem – transports sugars and other
metabolic products from the leaves
to the rest of the plant
Plants also have the following
supporting organs:
• Tracheids – elongated cells in the
xylem that help in the transport of
water and nutrients
• Sieve tubes – elongated cells in the
phloem that serve as conduits of
sugar transport
Transport in animals
Animals have the following circulatory organs
and tissues:
• Blood – has the following functions:
a. Transport gases and nutrients in the body
b. Carries wastes out of the body
c. Regulates the organisms body temperature
and pH
d. Helps in healing and prevention of further
damage and
e. Plays an important role in the immune
system
Most invertebrates such as mollusks and
arthropods have hemolymph instead of blood.
• Blood vessels – tubular structures carrying
blood
• Heart – hollow muscular organ that pumps
blood throughout the different parts of the
body
 Transport in plants Transport in animals
Circulation process Fluids circulate Blood is forcefully
through transpiration pumped throughout
pull, or the the body by the heart.
evaporation of water
from the plants leaves.
Water transport Water is transported About 90% of water is
through the xylem transported through
the blood plasma
Food transport Food (sugar and other Food in the form of
metabolic nutrients) glucose is present in
are transported blood plasma
through the phloem
 6. REGULATION OF
FLUIDS
In plants, the most important fluid is water. Water
is one of the main substances needed by plants to
survive.
The amount of water that enter and leaves the
plants is important
OSMOSIS – this is the tendency of water to pass
through the semipermeable membrane of the plant
cells
TRANSPIRATION – this is the process wherein
water exits the plant through the stomata of the
leaves because of evaporation
ADHESION-COHESION PROPERTY OF WATER
– this also allows the water to move up through a
plant. As the water and nutrients get inside the xylem,
adhesion occurs because the water molecules cling to
the xylem tissue. At the same time, cohesion occurs
because the water molecules stick to one another.
When this happens, the water molecules may form a
huge chain that fills up an entire column in the xylem.
CAPPILARY ACTION – this refers to the
movement of liquid across a solid surface, which is
caused by adhesion. The narrow xylem tubes allow
the water molecules to climb up on their own
because the water molecules adhere to the surface
of the xylem tubes
7. CHEMICAL
AND NERVOUS
CONTROL
Chemical coordination of body
functions is mediated by the
endocrine system, composed of
ductless glands that released
hormones.
HORMONE
S
Is a chemical substance, produced by a gland are
carried by the blood, which alters the activity of
more specific target tissue or organs (and is then
destroyed by the liver.
e.g. Nervous System
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 is the one responsible for coordinating the
functions of the other body systems.
Gathers information, processes the information
and elicits a corresponding response or reaction to
the stimulus.
TWO MAIN
DIVISIONS:
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
 CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM (CNS)
Is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
The brain is the control center while the spinal
cord connects the brain to other nerves of the body.
PNS is composed of nerves that branch out from
the brain and spinal cord to specific body parts and
divided further into somatic and autonomic nervous
system.
The somatic nervous system controls voluntary
body movements while autonomic controls
involuntary actions.
NEURON
Is the basic structural and functional unit of the
nervous system.
Transmits electrical signals called action potential
or an impulse across the system and lets a part
respond accordingly.
IMPULSE – is the sudden change in the electrical
potential of the cell membrane.
STRUCTURE
 8. IMMUNE SYSTEM
ANIMALS PLANTS
The ability to become immune Cannot do so.
when they are exposed to
infection.
IMMUNE
SYSTEM Have multifaceted and Do not have a structural immune
complex immune system system. Cannot defend
capable of protecting them themselves against pathogen. Do
against invasive pathogens or not have circulatory system.
disease-causing organisms
9. SENSORY AND
MOTOR
MECHANISMS
ANIMALS
The sensory and motor mechanism of animals are
directly controlled by their nervous systems.
PLANTS
Plants have sensory and motor mechanisms that
give them the ability to sense and respond to their
environment.
Plants react to light, chemicals, gravity, water, and
even touch.
TROPISM - the ability of plants to respond to a
certain stimulus
 TYPES OF TROPISM
PHOTOTROPISM – movement of the plant in
response to light, usually in the direction toward the
light
GEOTROPISM – movement of the plant in response
to gravitational force
a. Negative – when the plant parts moves away from
Earth
b. Positive – when the plant parts move toward Earth
 TYPES OF TROPISM
HYDROTROPISM – movement of the plant in
response to water
THIGMOTROPISM – movement of plant in
response to mechanical stimulation
 ACTIVITY:
You are a barangay health worker in your
community. Every Sunday the community have a
Zumba class. Temperature, respiration rate and heart
rate are some of the internal conditions in the body
that need to be maintained. As a BHW, you want to
find out how feedback mechanisms and homeostasis
affect your body. You have to find out how exercise
affect the temperature, respiration rate and heart rate.
THANK YOU!