Haploids and

double
haploids in
horticultural
CONTENTS 1.Definitions

2.History of haploids and double haploids

3.Important haploid and double haploid crops
4.conclusion
5.Advantages of Days
6.Disadvantages of DH's
Haploids and Double haploids

Doubled haploidy
A doubled haploid (DH) is a genotype
formed when haploid cells undergo
chromosome doubling. Artificial
production of doubled haploids is
important in plant breeding.
Haploid cells are produced from pollen or
egg cells or from other cells of the
gametophyte, then by induced or
spontaneous chromosome doubling, a
doubled haploid cell is produced, which
can be grown into a doubled haploid plant.
If the original plant was diploid, the haploid
cells are monoploid, and the term doubled
monoploid may be used for the doubled
haploids. Haploid organisms derived from
tetraploids or hexaploids are sometimes
called dihaploids (and the doubled
dihaploids are, respectively, tetraploid or
hexaploid).
Conventional inbreeding procedures take
six generations to achieve approximately
complete homozygosity, whereas doubled
haploidy achieves it in one generation.[1]
Dihaploid plants derived from tetraploid
crop plants may be important for breeding
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History
The first report of the haploid plant was
published by Blakeslee et al. (1922) in
Mahesh
Datura stramonium. Subsequently, haploids
wari
were reported in many other species. Guha
and Maheshwari (1964) developed an
anther culture technique for the production
of haploids in the laboratory. Haploid
Guha
production by wide crossing was reported
in barley (Kasha and Kao, 1970) and
tobacco (Burk et al., 1979). Tobacco,
rapeseed, and barley are the mostresponsive
species for doubled haploid
production.
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Production of double haploids

Doubled haploids can be produced in vivo

or in vitro. Haploid embryos are produced
in vivo by parthenogenesis, pseudogamy,
or chromosome elimination after wide
crossing. The haploid embryo is rescued,
cultured, and chromosome-doubling
produces doubled haploids. The in vitro
methods include gynogenesis (ovary and
flower culture) and androgenesis (anther
and microspore culture).[3] Androgenesis
is the preferred method. Another method
of producing the haploids is wide crossing.
In barley, haploids can be produced by
wide crossing with the related species
Hordeum bulbosum; fertilization is
affected, but during the early stages of
seed development the H. bulbosum
chromosomes are eliminated leaving a
haploid embryo. In tobacco (Nicotiana
tabacum), wide crossing with Nicotiana
africana is widely used. When N. africana is
used to pollinate N. tabacum, 0.25 to 1.42
percent of the progeny survive and can
Applications of DHs plant
breeding
…
Applications of DH's
• Mapping quantitative trait loci
• Backcross breeding
• Bulked segregant analysis(BSA)
• Cultiver development
• Genomics
Advantages of DH's
• The ability to produce homozygous lines after a single round reco
mbination saves a lot of time for the plant breeders.
• Studies conclude that random DH’s arecomparable to the selected
lines in pedigree inbreeding.
• Development of large number of homozygous lines, efficient geneti
c analysis and development of markers for useful traits in much l
ess time.
• possibility of seed propagation as an alternative to vegetative m
ultiplication in ornamentals, and in species such as trees in whi
ch long life cycles and inbreeding depression preclude traditiona
l breeding methods, doubled haploidy provides new alternatives
Disadvantages of DH's
• Population is that selection cannot be imposed on the po
pulation. But in conventional breeding selection can be
practised for several generations: thereby desirable cha
racters can be improved in the population.
• In haploids produced from anther culture, it is observed
that some plants are