COMMON RESEARCH

SKILLS
GRADE 11 – ST. JOHN PAUL II
WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO TO SHORTEN
THIS CHAPTER?
I. SUMMARIZING

 A condensation of significant facts from an original piece

of writing
 A chapter condensed into a page, a page with paragraph
or a paragraph into a sentence retaining the essential
facts of the original.
 Typically, a summary is a third of the original text, but
this may vary depending on the purpose of the writer.
When to summarize:

 To emphasize that the length is less important than the

content;
 To condense the material; and
 To simplify the material.
To summarize adequately, writer must:

 Make sure to avoid keeping the same idea structure or

sentence structure.
 Be careful not to inject your idea into the summary.
 Decide what ideas need to be retained and which one
needs to be omitted.
 Be careful to change some words as they may distort the
meaning of idea.
 Make sure you have documented the sources of the
original material
WHAT DO THESE PICTURES IMPLY?
II. PARAPHRASING

 Restate the passage from using your own words.

 Thisway to summarize is usually the most
frequently used type of notes in a research paper.
When to paraphrase:

 Whenthe passage contains to difficult, too

complicated or too technical content.

 When the author wants to establish credibility before

his readers, instead of copying verbatim, he clarifies
the idea in the passage for the convenience of his
readers.
When to paraphrase:

 When the writer wants to highlight his tone

or his individuality as he maintains the flow
of the writing.

 When the writer wants to be selective about

the information he wants to share or omit in
the passage.
To paraphrase effectively, a writer
must:
 Read and understand the meaning of the
text.

 Record the original idea using note cards.

 Writehis or her rendition or understanding

of the idea or concept.
To paraphrase effectively, a writer
must:
 Compare the two ideas.

 Make sure that the ideas derived from the

original idea never deviate from the original
one.

 Proofread and rewrite his or her final copy.

WHAT DO THESE PICTURES IMPLY?
III. DIRECT QUOTATION

 Thequotation reproduces an author’s words

exactly as they were spoken or written,
preserving even peculiarities of spelling,
grammar or punctuation.

 The
use of quotation marks is necessary
when exact words of the author are copied.
When to copy Direct Quotaion:

 Whenthe writer wants to show that an authority

supports his idea most especially in research.
 Whenthe author wants to present a position or
argument to evaluate or comment.
 When the quote has symbolic language historically.
 When
a quote’s meaning distorted when
summarized or paraphrased.
To use direct quotation effectively, a
writer must:
 Choose his quotation and discuss it.
 Use active verbs to introduce it.
 Put in the most strategic place in the composition.
 Sometimes, leave out some words to condense the
quote.
 Useparenthetical documentation or in-text citation
to avoid plagiarism.
Activity: Paraphrase the following. Choose
from the choices given
1. My classmate gave this book to me.

a. The book is a gift from my classmate.

b. My classmate let me borrow his book.
c. The book belonged to my classmate.
Activity: Paraphrase the following. Choose
from the choices given
2. Peter didn’t arrived in time to see Lucy.

a. Peter didn’t meet Lucy because he arrived

late.
b. Lucy came too late so she couldn’t see Peter
c. Peter came too early so he wasn’t able to see
Lucy
Activity: Paraphrase the following. Choose
from the choices given
3. I started working here in 2007.

a. In 2007, I quite work here.

b. I’ve been working here since 2007.
c. I applied for a job at his company in 2007.
Activity: Fix the following direct quotations,
APA Format.
1. Caruth 1996 states that a traumatic response
frequently entails a delayed, uncontrolled
repetitive appearance of hallucinations and
other intrusive phenomena (p.11).

2. According to Smith (1997), “...” (Mind over

Matter section, para. 6)
Activity: Fix the following direct quotations,
APA Format.
3. Though feminist studies focus solely on
women’s experiences, they err by collectively
perpetuating the masculine‐centered impressions
Fussell, 1975.
Activity: Fix the following direct quotations,
APA Format.
Alvarez, E., & Tippins, S. (2019). Socialization agents
that Puerto Rican college students use to make financial
decisions. Journal of Social Change, 11(1), 75–85. 
https://doi.org/10.5590/JOSC.2019.11.1.07