RAINFALL INTENSITY

Rainfall intensity is defined as the ratio of

the total amount of rain (rainfall depth)
falling during a given period to the duration
of the period. It is expressed in depth units
per unit time, usually as mm per hour
(mm/hr).
Rainfall Intensity Equation

  Volume, V (m3)
SAMPLE PROBLEM

The rain that fall within 4 hours in the depth measure

with rain gauge. The average depth is 6 in. Wide this
area is 6 acres. Calculate the intensity and volume of
rain.
RAIN GAUGE NETWORK
MINIMUM DENSITY OF RAIN GAUGES
ADEQUACY OF RAINGAUGE STATIONS
If there are already some rain gauge stations in a catchment, the optimal number of
stations that should exist to have an assigned percentage of error in the estimation of
mean rainfall is obtained by statistical analysis as:

 
N=(
where:
N = optimal number of stations
Cv = coefficient of variation of the rainfall values at the
existing m stations (in percent)
ε = allowable degree of error in the estimate of the mean
rainfall
ADEQUACY OF RAINGAUGE STATIONS

where:
σ m-1 = standard deviation
P = mean precipitation
Pi = precipitation magnitude in the ith section
m = existing number of stations
SAMPLE PROBLEM

A catchment has 6 rain gauge stations. In a year, the

annual rainfall recorded by the gauges are as follows:

Station A B C D E F

Rainfall (cm) 82.6 102.9 180.3 110.3 98.8 136.7

Calculate the optimum number of stations in the

catchment.
ESTIMATES OF MISSING DATA
• Rainfall data analysis process requires a continuous record of
rainfall data precipitation of data inconsistencies caused by:
a) recorders neglect
b) recorder equipment damage (rain gauge)
• Thus missing data should be estimated before the analysis is
performed.
• Data loss can be estimated by using the gauge stations near
• Methods commonly used in the estimation:
a) Arithmetic Average Method
b) Normal Ratio Method
SAMPLE PROBLEM

In a watershed, there are four rain gauges. One of the

gauges has been damaged. Reading for the three
stations nearby and normal annual rainfall given as in
the table. Estimate the rain gauge readings for
precipitation which is damaged.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
In an area placed 4 rain gauges A, B, C & D. After the
inspection gauge D is not working. Estimate the annual
rainfall station D where the normal annual rainfall and
the annual rainfall reading is given as shown in table.
ASSIGNMENT
The following rainfall record exist for five stations in a
basin for the month of July. Estimate the missing rainfall
for the July 2018.
STATIONS ALL YEAR MEASURE IN
AVERAGE JULY 2018
A 112.5 mm -
B 75 mm 87.5 mm
C 50 mm 47.5 mm
D 62.5 mm 67.5 mm
E 120 mm 125 mm
ASSIGNMENT
A catchment area has seven rain gauge stations. In a
year, the annual rainfall recorded by gauges are as
follows:
STATION P Q R S T U V
RAINFALL 130.0 142.1 118.2 108.5 165.2 102.1 146.9
(cm)

For a 5% error in the estimation of the mean rainfall,

calculate the minimum number of additional stations
required to be established in the catchment.
 END OF
PRESENTATION.