Leadership

Leadership is stated as the “process of

social influence in which one person can
enlist the aid and support of others in the
accomplishment of a common task.”In
simple words leadership is the art of getting
others to want to do something you are
convinced should be done.
08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 1
 Definition of Leadership

A simple definition of leadership is that leadership is the art

of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a
common goal.

“Leadership is a process of giving purpose (meaningful

direction) to collective effort, and causing willing effort to be
expended to achieve purpose.” (Jacobs & Jaques)
“Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an
individual or a group in efforts toward goal achievement in a
given situation.” (Hersey & Blanchard)

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 2

 Princ iples of Leadership

These are eleven principles of leadership by U.S. Army, 1983

Know yourself and seek self-improvement
Be technically proficient
Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions
Make sound and timely decisions
Set the example
Know your people and look out for their well-being
Keep your workers informed
Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers
Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished -
Communication is the key to this responsibility.
Train as a team
Use the full capabilities of your organization

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 3

 Characteristics of Leader
• Self awareness
• Personal qualities
• Initiative qualities
• Technical qualities
• Teaching abilities
• Administrative abilities

• Intellectual skills
• Enthusiasm

• Emotional control
• Tactful

• Awareness of responsibilities & accountability

• Qualities of building relationship

 Attributes of leadership

The attributes of a successful leader are:

BE a professional.
Examples: Be loyal to the organization, perform selfless
service, take personal responsibility.
BE a professional who possess good character traits.
Examples: Honesty, competence, candour, commitment,
integrity, courage, straightforwardness, imagination.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 6

 Attributes contd…..
KNOW the four factors of leadership — follower, leader,
communication, situation.
KNOW yourself. Examples: strengths and weakness of your
character, knowledge, and skills.
KNOW human nature. Examples: Human needs, emotions,
and how people respond to stress.
KNOW your job. Examples: be proficient and be able to train
others in their tasks.
KNOW your organization. Examples: where to go for help, its
climate and culture, who the unofficial leaders are.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 7

 Attributes contd…..

DO provide direction. Examples: goal setting, problem

solving, decision making, planning.
DO implement. Examples: communicating, coordinating,
supervising, evaluating.
DO motivate. Examples: develop morale and esprit de corps
in the organization, train, coach, counsel.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 8

Essential elements of effective leadership
• Being visionary
• Believing that schools are for learning
• Valuing human resources
• Communicating and listening effectively
• Being proactive
• Taking risks
• Is visible
• Trustworthy
• Cultivates good teaching practice
• Sense of humour
• Role model for students and staff
 Theories Of Leadership

1. Trait theory of leadership

This theory as described by
Kelly(1974) attempts to
classify what personality
characteristics are
associated with leadership
skill.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 10

 Assumptions of Trait theory

The main assumptions of

this theory are:
People are born with
inherited traits.
Some traits are particularly
suited to leadership.
People who make good
leaders have the right (or
sufficient) combination of
traits.
 

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 11

 Stogdill (1974) identified the following traits and skills as critical to
leaders.

TRAITS SKILLS
Adaptable to situations Conceptually skilled
Alert to social environment Creative
Ambitious and achievement- Diplomatic and tactful
orientated Fluent in speaking
Assertive Knowledgeable about group task
Cooperative
Organized (administrative ability)
Decisive
Persuasive
Dependable
Socially skilled
Dominant (desire to influence others)
Energetic (high activity level)
Persistent
Self-confident
Tolerant of stress
Willing to assume responsibility
 
08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 12
 2. Behavioral theory of
Leadership Styles

According to this
theory ,a leader
behaves according to
the role expectations
of the group.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 13

 Assumptions of Behavioral theory
Leaders can be made, rather
than are born.
Successful leadership is based in
definable, learnable behavior.
Behavioral theories of leadership
do not seek inborn traits or
capabilities. Rather, they look at
what leaders actually do.
This leadership theory focuses
on the actions of leaders, not on
mental qualities or internal
states.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 14

 3. McGregor theory

Douglas McGregor
categorized leadership
style into two brand
categories in his
management theories,
i:e theory X and theory
Y, having two different
beliefs and
assumptions about
subordinates.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 15

 4. Contingency approach

Contingency theories propose that for any given situation there

is a best way to manage. 
Contingency theories go beyond situational approaches, which
observe that all factors must be considered when leadership
decisions are to be made.
Contingency theories attempt to isolate the key factors that
must be considered and to indicate how to manage when those
key factors are present.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 18

 5. Path goal theory
(situational leadership)

The Path-Goal Theory of

Leadership was developed
to describe the way that
leaders encourage and
support their followers in
achieving the goals they
have been set by making
the path that they should
take clear and easy.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 19

 Path goal theory
(situational leadership) contd…

In particular, leaders:
Clarify the path so
subordinates know which
way to go.
Remove roadblocks that
are stopping them going
there.
Increasing the rewards
along the route.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 20

 Path goal theory
(situational leadership) contd…

Leaders can take a strong or limited approach in these.

In clarifying the path, they may be directive or give vague
hints.
In removing roadblocks, they may scour the path or help
the follower move the bigger blocks.
In increasing rewards, they may give occasional
encouragement or pave the way with gold.
This variation in approach will depend on the situation,
including the follower's capability and motivation, as well
as the difficulty of the job and other contextual factors.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 21

 House and Mitchell (1974) describe
four styles of leadership:

Supportive leadership
Directive leadership
Participative leadership
Achievement-oriented
leadership

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 22

 Supportive leadership

Considering the needs of the follower, showing

concern for their welfare and creating a friendly
working environment.
This includes increasing the follower's self-esteem
and making the job more interesting.
This approach is best when the work is stressful,
boring or hazardous.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 23

 Directive leadership

Telling followers what needs to be done and giving

appropriate guidance along the way.
This includes giving them schedules of specific work to be
done at specific times.
Rewards may also be increased as needed and role
ambiguity decreased (by telling them what they should be
doing).
This may be used when the task is unstructured and
complex and the follower is inexperienced. This increases
the follower's sense of security and control and hence is
appropriate to the situation.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 24

 Participative leadership

Consulting with followers

and taking their ideas into
account when making
decisions and taking
particular actions.
This approach is best when
the followers are expert
and their advice is both
needed and they expect to
be able to give it.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 25

 Achievement-oriented leadership
Setting challenging goals,
both in work and in self-
improvement (and often
together).
High standards are
demonstrated and expected.
The leader shows faith in the
capabilities of the follower to
succeed.
This approach is best when
the task is complex.
08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 26
 Participative leadership

Lewine's Likert’s
leadersh leadership
ip styles styles

Description
Kurt Lewin and colleagues did leadership decision experiments in 1939 and
identified three different styles of leadership, in particular around decision-
making.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 27

 Lewine's leadership
styles
1. AUTOCRATIC

2. DEMOCRATIC

3. LAISSEZ-FAIRE
08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 28
 Autocratic or Authoritarian Style
• Strong control is maintained over the group
• Others are motivated by coercion
• Communication flows downwards
• Decision – making does not involves others
• Emphasis on difference and status
• Criticism is punitive
• Advantages :-
– Fast decisions, without lengthy time required for
consultation

• Disadvantages :-
– Subordinated feel not listened or supported
– No personal stake
– May create hostility & dependency among followers
 Democratic style
• Less control is maintained
• Economic and ego awards are used to motivate
• Others are directive through suggestions and
guidance
• Communication flows up to down
• Decision – making involves others
• Emphasis in We rather than I and You
• Criticism is constructive
• Advantages :-
– Motivate the subordinate
– More information (subordinates in data gathering,
planning, analysis etc)

• Disadvantages :-
– Decision making – lengthy process
– Subordinates feel – manager not doing his job &
they are not paid for it
 Laissez-Faire
• He or She is permissive with little or no control
• Motivates by support when requested by the group
or individual
• Little or no direction is provided
• Communication between members of group and
upwards and downwards
• Decision making is dispersed through out the group
• Emphasis on the group
• Criticism not given
• Advantages :-
– Maximum freedom for individual
– Increased motivation

• Disadvantages :-
– Numerous
– Individual approach to decision making – not fit in
the multidisciplinary nature of patient care
 COMPARISON OF LEADERSHIP STYLES
Variables Authoritarian Democratic Laissez Faire
Control and Strong control Less control No control, no
direction Directed with Directed with direction, permissive
commands suggestions, guidance

Motivation coercion Economic/ego awards Support when

requested by
group/individual

Emphasis Difference in status (I We (group cohesion) Group

& You)

Communication Downward Up and down Upward downward

grape wine

Decision making Does not involve Involves group Disperses throughout

others

Criticism Punitive Constructive Does not criticize

 Likert’s leadership styles
Exploitive authoritative

Benevolent authoritative

Consultative

Participative

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 36

 Exploitive authoritative

In this style, the leader has a low concern for

people and uses such methods as threats and
other fear-based methods to achieve
conformance.
Communication is almost entirely downwards and
the psychologically distant concerns of people are
ignored.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 37

 Benevolent authoritative

When the leader adds concern for people to an authoritative

position, a 'benevolent dictatorship' is formed.
The leader now uses rewards to encourage appropriate
performance and listens more to concerns lower down the
organization, although what they hear is often rose-tinted, being
limited to what their subordinates think that the boss wants to
hear.
Although there may be some delegation of decisions, almost all
major decisions are still made centrally.

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 38

 Consultative

The upward flow of

information here is still
cautious and rose-
tinted to some degree,
although the leader is
making genuine efforts
to listen carefully to
ideas.
Nevertheless, major
decisions are still
largely centrally made.
08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 39
 Participative
At this level, the leader
makes maximum use of
participative methods,
engaging people lower
down the organization
in decision-making.
People across the
organization are
psychologically closer
together and work well
together at all levels.
08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 40
 Leadership skills

1. Skills of personal Behavior

2. Skills of Communication
3. Skills of Organization
4. Skills of Self examination
 Leadership Skills

To be an effective leader, the nurses need the primary

leadership skills that are as follows:
1. Skills of personal behavior
Is sensitive to feelings of group.
Identifies self with the needs of the group
Considers others suggestions
Helps other feel important and needed
Does not argue

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 42

2. Skills of communication

 Listens attentively
 Make sure that
policies are made
clear to all
 Maintains good
interpersonal relations
and open
communication in the
group

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 43

 3. Skills of organization
The effective leader
helps the group to:
Develop long and
short range
objectives
Share opportunities
and responsibilities
Plan, act, follow up
and evaluate
08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 44
4. Skills of self examination

 Is aware of personal
motivations
 Is aware of the
group members
 Helps the group to
be aware of their
attitudes and values

08/23/2021 LEADERSHIP STYLES 45

Challenges in nursing educational leadership

• Nursing shortage= faculty shortage

• Current faculty
-aging, feeling overworked and underpaid,
clinically outdated
• Teaching learning models changing
• Clinical challenges
• Generational challenges
- Student ethics,work ethics
Challenges faced in nursing education sector
in India
• Infrastructure
• Manpower shortage
• Poor practical training
• Over weighted curriculum
• Selection of students
• Student status
• Improvement of faculty
• Budgetary limitations
• Library facilities
• Educational freedom