Analytical Psychology

Carl Gustav Jung

 Carl Gustav Jung
• Born July 26, 1875 in Kesswil, near lake
Constance, Switzerland
 Levels of the Psyche
• Psyche (or mind) has 2 levels: conscious
and unconscious
• The Unconscious has 2 levels – the
Personal and the collective
• Most important portion of the unconscious
is the collective unconscious and not the
personal unconscious
 Conscious
• Conscious images are those sensed by
the ego
• Unconscious elements have no
relationship with the ego
• Ego
– center of consciousness, but not core of
personality
– Not whole personality – completed by more
comprehensive self (largely unconscious)
 Conscious
• Healthy individual – ego takes secondary
position to the unconscious self
• Overemphasis on the conscious psyche
could lead to psychological imbalance
• Opposite to the Theory of Freud
• Achievement of individuation – contact
with self, outer world and allow themselves
to experience their unconscious self
Individual Collective
Unconscious
Unconscious
 Personal Unconscious
• Personal Unconscious – embraces all
repressed, forgotten or subliminally perceived
experiences of an individual
• Repressed infantile memories and impulses,
forgotten events, and experiences just below the
conscious
• Some images of in the personal unconscious
can be recalled easily, some remembered with
difficulty, and other beyond reach of
unconscious
 Personal Unconscious
• Complexes - Contents of personal
Unconscious: Emotionally toned
conglomeration of associated ideas
• These complexes can be intertwined with
the collective complexes
 Collective Unconscious
• Collective Unconscious – rooted in
ancestral past of an entire species
• Distant ancestors’ experiences with
universal concepts of God, mother, water,
earth, etc. – transmitted through the
generations – everyone is influenced by
ancestors’ primordial experiences
• Collective unconscious – very similar in all
people in all cultures
 Collective Unconscious
• Contents – active and influence thought,
emotions, and actions
• Responsible for myths, legends, and
religious beliefs
• Produces “big dreams” – dreams with
meaning beyond the individual dreamer
and filled with significance for all people of
every time and place.
 Collective Unconscious
• Not inherited ideas but human’s innate
tendency to react in a particular manner
when their experiences stimulate a
biological inherited response tendency
• Predispositions to act in a certain way to a
certain stimulus – mother to child, man to
a particular woman, etc.
 Collective Unconscious
• People have many inherited
predispositions
• Countless repetitions of these typical
situations – became part of human
biological constitution
• At first they are forms without content
 Archetypes
• Ancient or archaic images that derive from
the collective unconscious
• Emotionally toned collections of
associated images
 Archetypes
• Instinct • Archetypes
• Unconscious physical • Ancestral images
impulse towards from the collective
action unconscious
• Physiological drives • Psychological images
• Biologically • Manifestation of
determined instinct
• Biologically
determined
 Archetypes
• When personal experience corresponds to
the latent primordial image – activates the
archetype that affects one’s personal life
• Expressed in several modes – dreams,
fantasies, delusions
 Archetypes
• Dreams
• the main source of Archetypal materials
• Produce motifs that could not be known to
dreamer by personal experience
• Coincide with ancient people or tribal
natives
 Archetypes
• Jung’s Dream – dark rectangular hole in the
ground in a meadow
• Descended stairs to a doorway with a round
arch covered by heavy green curtain
• Dimly lit room with a red carpet running from the
entrance to the platform
• Platform had a throne, and on the throne was a
elongated object – a tree trunk
• Earth, blood, phallus
 Archetype
• Patient’s staring at the sun to see a
phallus pointing to the winds direction &
ancient worshippers of Mithras
• Proof of the collective unconscious and
the Archetype
 Archetype
• Phylogenetic endowment of Freud –
different
• Freud from personal unconscious but
when person could not explain it, then he
went to the collective
• Jung – primary emphasis on the collective
and used personal experiences to round
out the total personality
• Archetypes – is primarily Jung
 Archetype
• To be psychologically healthy – people must be
acquainted with their archetypes
• Persona
• Shadow
• Anima
• Animus
• Great Mother
• Wise old man
• Hero
• Self
 Persona
• Side of personality that one shows the
world
• Each person projects a role which society
dictates
• Doctor – bedside manner, Politician – face
of confidence, actor – style of life
 Persona
• Necessary side of human personality
(public face)
• Not your complete self
• Identifying with persona too much –
unconscious to their individuality and are
blocked from attaining self-realization
(loosing touch with inner self)
• Healthy – striking a balance between
society demands and inner self
 Shadow
• Archetype of darkness and repression
• Represents qualities that one does not
wish to acknowledge but attempts to hide
from self and others
• Morally objectionable tendencies
• Creative qualities we do not want to face
 Shadow
• To be whole, people must continually
strive to know their shadow
• First test of courage
• Easier to project this ugliness on others
rather than on self
 Anima
• Psychologically people are bisexual
• Anima = feminine side
• Men must realize their feminine side
• The second test of courage
• A task that can only be achieved if he
recognized his shadow
 Anima
• “The woman within” experience in writing
his book
• Anima – early man’s experiences with
women (mother, sisters, lovers)
• Predetermined concept of womanhood
that shapes and molds his relationships
with individual women
 Anima
• Woman in a dream with no particular
shape or form
• A feeling or mood - irrational
 Animus
• Masculine archetype of women (man
within)
• Symbolic of thinking and reasoning
• In every relationship with man – runs the
risk of projecting the animus
• Explanation also for irrational thinking and
illogical opinions
• Appears in dreams in a personified from
 Great Mother
• Present in both men and women
• Associated with positive and negative
feelings (loving and terrible mother)
• Fertility and nourishment vs power and
destruction
 Great Mother
• Fertility and Nourishment
• Symbolized by the tree, garden, plowed field,
sea, heaven, home, country, church, and hollow
objects – oven, and cooking utensils
• Power and Destruction – godmother, Mother of
God, Mother Nature, Mother Earth, stepmother
or witch
• Cinderella – godmother creates wonder yet
destroys it at midnight
 Great Mother
• Fertility and power = concept of rebirth
• Reincarnation, baptism, resurrection,
individuation
• People are moved to a desire for rebirth,
that is to reach self-realization, nirvana,
heaven, perfection
 Wise Old Man
• Archetype of wisdom and meaning
• Human’s preexisting knowledge of the
mysteries of life
• Wizard of Oz – impressive and captivating
speaker – words were hollow
• Profound verbiage
• Politicians, religious, and social prophets
who appeal to reason as well as emotion
are guided by this unconscious archetype
 Wise Old Man
• Personified in dreams as: father,
grandfather, teacher, philosopher, guru,
doctor, priest
• Fairytales – king, sage magician, wizard
who comes to the aid of the troubled hero
• Symbolized as life itself – leaving home,
venturing in trials and sorrows of life,
coming out wiser
 Hero
• Powerful man, sometimes part god, fights
great odds to conquer and vanquish evil in
the form of dragons, monsters, serpents,
demons.
• Hero is undone by some seemingly
insignificant person or event
• Achilles, Macbeth – heroes with flaws or
vulnerable
 Hero
• People fascinated with heroes
• Frees people from feelings of impotence
and misery – ideal personality
• Hero representing conquering darkness
 Self
• Self - Tendency to move towards growth,
perfection, completion
• The Archetype of archetypes
• Pulls together other archetypes and unites
them in the process of self-realization
 Self
• Symbolized by person’s ideas of
perfection, completion, wholeness –
mandala – circle within a square, a square
within a circle
• Striving for unity, balance, and wholeness
 Conscious (Ego)

Personal Unconscious

C C
o o
Persona
n n
s s
c
c
i
Anima Self
Collective
Unconscious
Animus
i
o o
u u
Shadow
s s
(Ego) (Ego)

Personal Unconscious

Conscious (ego)
 Self
• Includes personal and collective unconscious
images
• Never perfectly balanced (persona, anima,
animus, shadow)
• Concept of perfect unified self in the collective
unconscious
• Mandala represents the perfect self – archetype
of order, unity, totality
• Self-realization – symbol of perfection –
sometimes divinity (Jesus, Buddha, Krishna, etc)
 Self
• Psychotic Patients – symbols of the
mandala motifs in their dreams at time of
serious psychic disorder
• People strive for order and balance
 Self
• Both conscious and unconscious mind
• Unites opposing elements of the psyche
(Yin and yang)
• Mandala – representation of order, unity
and totality = self-realization
 Self
• To fully experience self = self-
actualization
1. Overcome fear of unconscious
2. Prevent Persona from dominating
personality
3. Recognize the dark side of self
4. Muster courage to face animus or anima
Dynamics of Personality
 Causality and Teleology
• Motivation from both past and future goals
• This differentiates him from Freud
(causality) and Adler (teleology)
• Balance was key in Jung’s theory
• Dreams – many of which have origins in
the past events but also help make
decisions of the future
 Progression or Regression
• Achieving self-realization – adapt to outer
world and inner world
• Progression – adaptation to outer world &
involves a forward flow of psychic energy
• Regression – adaptation to inner world &
involves backward flow of psychic energy
Psychological Types
 Psychological Types
• Grow out of the union of two attitudes and
4 functions
• Attitudes: Introversion and extraversion
• Functions: Thinking, Feeling, Sensing,
Intuiting
• Attitudes: predisposition to act or react in a
characteristic direction
 Introversion
• Turning inward of psychic energy with an
orientation towards the subjective
• Tuned to the inner world with all its biases,
fantasies
• View outside world selectively and with
subjective view
 Extraversion
• Turning outward of psychic energy so that
a person is oriented toward the objective
and away from the subjective
• More influenced by their surroundings than
their inner world
• Pragmatic and well rooted in the reality of
everyday life
• Suspicious of subjective attitude
 Attitudes
• No one is completely introverted or
extraverted
• Should be equally valued = feel
comfortable with internal and external
world
• Introversion and extraversion can combine
with any of the four functions
 Functions
• Sensation
• Thinking
• Feeling
• Intuition
 Thinking
• Thinking - Logical intellectual activity that
produces a chain of ideas
• Can be either extraverted or introverted
 Extraverted Thinking
• Relies on concrete thoughts
• Use abstract ideas if these ideas have
been transmitted from without (from
teachers, parents, etc.)
• Mathematicians, engineers, accountants –
must be objective in their thinking
• Ideas of merely known facts and no
originality or creativity
 Introverted Thinking
• React to external stimuli but interpretation
is colored by internal meaning they bring
with them
• Inventors, philosophers – subjective and
creative manner of interpreting the world
• Interpreting old data in new ways
• Extreme: unproductive mystical thoughts
that are so individualized that they are
useless to any other person
 Feeling
• Feeling – process of valuing an idea or
event
• Can be either sensing or intuiting
• Sensing – this feels smooth
• Intuiting – I feel like this will be a lucky day
 Feeling
• Feeling
• Valuation of every conscious activity
• Most of these do not have emotional
content
• Capable of becoming emotion if intensity
increases to the point of stimulating
physiological changes
 Extroverted Feeling
• Using objective data to make valuations
• Not guided by subjective opinions but by
external values and widely accepted standards
of judgment
• At ease in social situations – know what to say
and when to say it – well liked
• Conforms to social standards – may appear
artificial, cold and unreliable
• Businessmen, politicians – making value
judgment based on objective information
 Introverted Feeling
• Base value judgment primarily on subjective
perceptions rather than objective facts
• Art Critics
• Have individualized conscience, taciturn
demeanor, and an unfathomable psyche
• Ignore traditional opinions and beliefs, and their
nearly complete indifference to the objective
world
• People around them feel uncomfortable and cool
their attitude toward the person
 Sensation
• Sensation – receives physical stimuli and
transmits to perceptual consciousness
• Individual’s perception of sensory
impulses
• Exists as absolute, elementary facts within
each person
 Extraverted Sensing
• People perceive external stimuli
objectively
• Sensations are not greatly influenced by
their subjective attitudes
• Proofreaders, house painters, wine taster,
and any other job that requires sensory
discrimination
 Introverted Sensing
• Influenced by subjective sensations of sight,
sound, taste, touch, etc.
• Guided by interpretation of senses rather than
the stimuli itself
• They have widely different interpretations
• Portrait artists – especially those that are
extremely personalized
• Give subjective interpretation to objective
phenomena but communicate meaning to others
• Extreme: hallucinations, esoteric and
incomprehensible speech
 Intuition
• Perception beyond the workings of
consciousness
• Perception of absolute elementary facts -
provides raw materials for thinking and
feeling
• More creative than sensation, adding or
subtracting from conscious sensation
 Extraverted Intuitive
• Oriented towards facts about external world –
but only perceive them subliminally
• Suppress many of their sensations and are
guided by hunches and guesses contrary to
sensory data
• Inventors who must exhibit distracting sensory
data and concentrate on unconscious solutions
to objective problems
• Create things that fill a need few other people
realized existed
 Introverted Intuitive
• Guided by unconscious perception of facts
– basically subjective and have little
resemblance to external reality
• Subjective intuitive perceptions are often
remarkably strong and capable of
motivating decisions of monumental
magnitude
• Mystics, prophets, surrealistic artists,
religious fanatics
 Attitudes
Functions
Introversion Extroversion
Thinking Philosophers, Research scientists,
Theoretical scientists, accountants,
some inventors mathematicians

Feeling Subjective movie Real estate

critics, art appraisers appraisers, objective
movie critics
Sensation Artists, classical Wine tasters,
musicians proofreaders, popular
musicians
Intuition Prophets, mystics, Certain inventors,
religious fanatics religious reformers
Development of Personality
 Personality Development
• Series of stages that culminate in individuation
• Emphasized second half of life after 35 or 40,
opportunity to bring together various aspects of
personality
• Opportunity to degeneration and neurotic
reactions are also present
• Direction based on ability to achieve direction
between poles of opposing processes –
proportional to success in journey in previous
stages of life.
 Stages of Development
• Grouped into 4: childhood, youth, middle age,
old age
• Trip through life is like a journey of the sun
• brightness of sun represents consciousness
• Values and ideals and modes of behavior
suitable for the morning are inappropriate for the
afternoon
• People must learn new meaning in their
declining years
 Youth Middle Life

Childhood
Old Age
 Childhood
• Divided into three substages 1. the
anarchic, 2. the monarchic, 3. the dualist
• Anarchic Phase –
• Characterized by chaotic and sporadic
consciousness
• “Islands of consciousness may exists
• Experiences of anarchic enter
consciousness as primitive images
 Childhood
• Monarchic Phase
• Development of the ego and beginning of
logical and verbal thinking
• Children see self objectively and often
refer to themselves in the third person
• Islands of consciousness becomes larger,
more numerous, inhabited by primitive ego
but not yet aware of itself as perceiver
 Childhood
• Dualistic Phase
• Ego as perceiver arises
• Ego is divided into the objective and subjective
• Child refers to self in the first person and is
aware of their existence as a separate person
• Islands of consciousness becomes continuous
land, inhibited by an ego-complex that
recognizes itself both as object and subject.
 Youth
• From puberty to middle life
• Striving to gain psychic and physical
independence from parents, find a mate,
raise a family, and make a place in the
world.
• Period of increased activity, maturing
sexually, growing consciousness, and
recognition that the problem-free era of
childhood is gone forever.
 Youth
• Major difficulty: overcoming the natural
tendency to cling to narrow consciousness
of childhood – avoiding problems pertinent
to present time of life.
• Desire to live in the past – Conservative
Principle
 Middle Life
• Begins approximately around 35 or 40
• Sun begins its decline – increases anxiety but
period of tremendous potentiality
• If social and moral values of early life are
retained – become rigid and fanatically hold on
to physical attractiveness and agility – they may
fight desperately to maintain youthful lifestyle
• ideals are shifting
• Unprepared to take a step into the afternoon of
life – clinging on to the past ideals
 Middle Life
• Living youth by neither childish nor middle
age values are prepared to move into
middle age and live it fully
• Capable of giving up extraverted goals of
youth and moving towards introverted
direction of expanded consciousness
• Psychological health – not enhanced by
success in business, prestige in society, or
satisfaction of family life.
 Middle Life
• Must look forward to the future with hope
and anticipation, surrender lifestyle of
youth, and discover new meaning in
middle life
• Often involves mature religious orientation
especially some sort of life after death.
 Old Age
• Experience a diminution of consciousness
just as the light and warmth of the sun
diminishing to dusk
• If fear of life in early years, then fear of
death in later years
• Jung believed that death is the goal of life
and that life can be fulfilling only when
death is seen in this light
 Old Age
• Most of Jung’s patients were middle age
and old age – suffering from backward
orientation
• Help them establish new goals and find
meaning in living by first finding meaning
in death
• Treatment – dream interpretation (dreams
often about rebirth)
 Self-Realization
• Self-realization = Psychological Rebirth or
individuation
• Process of becoming an individual or
whole person
• Analytical psychology is essentially a
psychology of opposites, and self-
realization is the process of integrating
opposite poles into a single homogeneous
individual (integration)
 Self-Realization
• Process of “coming to selfhood”
• A person has all psychological
components functioning in unity, with no
psychic process atrophying
• Achievement of realization of self,
minimized persona, become conscious of
their anima and animus, and acquired a
workable balance between introversion
and extraversion
 Self-Realization
• Relatively rare and is achieved only if
unconscious is assimilated into personality
• To come to terms with the unconscious is a
difficult process
• This is almost never achieved before mid-life
and only by those who remove the ego as the
dominant concern of the personality
• The unconscious must become the core of the
personality
• Balance between the conscious and the
unconscious is the goal
 Self-Realization
• Ability to contend with both their external
and internal worlds
• Psychotic individuals, live in the real world
necessary concession to it
• Neither ignorant nor distrustful of the
regressive process that leads to self
discovery
• Welcome unconscious images as potential
material for new psychic life
Jung’s Method of Investigation
 Method of Investigation
• Looked beyond psychology
• Went into fields of sociology, history,
anthropology, biology, physics, philology,
religion, mythology, and philosophy
• Study of personality – not prerogative of
any single discipline
• “Not everything I bring forth is written out
of my head, but as much comes from my
heart also.”
 Method of Investigation
• Basic facts of the theory came from the
observation of people, including himself.
• Used words association test, dream
analysis, active imagination, and
psychotherapy
 Word Association Test
• Not the first to use it but credited with
helping develop and refine it.
• Used it only when he was a young
psychiatric assistant and not in his later
years
• Used it to validate Freud’s theory that the
unconscious was an autonomous process
• Today – in Jungian psychology – used to
uncover feeling-toned complexes
 Word Association
• Complex – an individualized, emotionally
toned conglomeration of images grouped
around a central core
• Based on the principle that complexes
create a measurable emotional responses
 Word Association
• Test – 100 words chosen and arranged to
elicit emotional response
• Mention the first word that comes to mind
• Recording: Verbal response, time taken to
respond, rate of breathing, and galvanic
skin response
• Repeat the experiment for test-retest
consistency
 Word Association
• Certain reactions means word touched a
complex
• Restricted breathing, changes in electrical
conductivity of skin, and delayed response
• Multiple responses, disregard for
instruction, inability to produce a word (or
errors), facial expressions, excessive body
movement, repetition of stimulus word,
silence or failure to give a verbal response
 Dream Analysis
• Dreams have meaning and must be taken
seriously
• Not all dreams are wish-fulfillment dreams
nor representations of sexual urges
• Our unconscious and spontaneous
attempts to facilitate self-realization
 Dream Analysis
• Purpose: uncover elements from personal
and collective unconscious, integrate
these into consciousness, facilitate self-
realization
• Dreams – outlet for feelings and attitudes
not expressed during waking life
• If one’s conscious is incomplete,
unconscious will move to complete it
(anima-animus dreams)
 Dream Analysis
• Interpreting dream requires knowledge of
dreamer’s conscious attitude – dream is
made up of unconscious opposite
• Young man’s dream of father’s driving –
young man’s conscious experience of
father – desire to develop a personality
uniquely his own and not his father’s
 Dream Analysis
• Typical dreams, and big dreams
• Big dreams – have a special meaning for
all people
• Part of the collective unconscious
• Dream into the depths of the unconscious
 Active Imagination
• Begin with any impression – dream,
image, or fantasy
• Concentrate until impression begins to
“move”
• Follow these images wherever they may
lead then courageously face these
autonomous images and freely
communicate with them
 Active Imagination
• Purpose: reveal archetypal images emerging
from the unconscious
• Useful for those who want to get to know their
collective and personal unconscious
• Willingness to overcome resistance that
ordinarily blocks open communication with the
unconscious
• Images are produced during consciousness –
clearer and reproducible
• Remembers feeling and image
 Active imagination
• Draw, paint, or express in some other
nonverbal manner the progression of
these fantasies
• Drawings, photographs, Mandala
 Psychotherapy
• 4 approaches:
1. confession of the pathogenic secret
2. Interpretation, explanation and
elucidation
3. Education of patient as social beings
4. Transformation
 Psychotherapy
• Confession of pathological secret
• Cathartic method practiced by Breuer
• Patients need to share their secrets –
catharsis is effective
 Psychotherapy
• Interpretation, explanation and elucidation
• Insights into the causes of their neurosis
but still leaves them incapable of solving
their problem
 Psychotherapy
• Adler’s education to social wellness
• This helps the person to be socially well
adjusted
• But this does not go beyond the outer
world
 Psychotherapy
• Transformation
• By transformation and establishing a
philosophy to life - move towards
individuation, wholeness and self-
realization
• Used for those who were in their second
half of life, concerned with religious
problems, and seeking a unifying
philosophy in life
 Psychotherapy
• Admitted the need for transference in the
first stage of therapy
• Countertransference can help or hinder
therapy but was indispensable to
successful psychotherapy