Historical Development of

Engineering Management
 Chapter Outline

Origins of Engineering Management

Impact of Industrial Revolution
Development of Scientific Management
Development of Administrative Management
Development of Behavioral Management
Current Contributions
 Learning Objectives

 Describe the origins of engineering

management
 Identify the different basic management
philosophies
 Discuss the future issues that will affect the
continued development of engineering
management
 Origins of Engineering Mgmt –
Ancient Civilizations
Mesopotamians
 ~4500 - 2000 B.C.
 Used canals for irrigation
 Had management system and job descriptions
 Hammurabi Law (2023-2081 B.C.)
Egyptians
 4000 – 1600 B.C.
 Built pyramids (2.3M stone blocks, @5000 lbs)
 100,000 men x 20~30 years
 Used managerial principles
 Origins of Engineering Mgmt –
Ancient Civilizations
Chinese
 Principles of organizing, planning, directing, controlling
(~1100 B.C.)
 Built Great Wall: ~4000 miles (~500 B.C.)
Romans
 284 B.C.
 Estate and farm management
 Emphasis on personnel selection and placement
 Known for building roads, bridges, and water management
 Origins of Engineering Mgmt –
Ancient Military

Cyrus the Great (Persia) 576-530 B.C.

◦ Use of staff
◦ Recognized use of order and division of work

Alexander the Great (Greek) 336-323 B.C.

◦ Distinction between line and staff
◦ Used discipline and delegation
 Origins of Engineering Mgmt –
Ancient Mass Production

Arsenal of Venice (Early 1400s)

 Manufacturing
 Numbering of inventory parts
 Personnel policies
 Standardization of parts
 Assembly line
 Accounting in two journals and one ledger, with annual auditing
 Industrial Revolution 1750-1800:
Important Inventions

 Spinning Jenny, James Hargreaves, 1764

 Water Frame, Richard Arkwright, 1771
 Spinning Mule, Samuel Crompton, 1779
 Power Loom, Edmund Cartwright, 1785
 Chlorine Bleach, Claude Louis Berthollet, 1785
 Steam Engine, James Watt, 1769
 Screw-cutting Lathe, Henry Maudslay, 1797
 Interchangeable Manufacture, Eli Whitney, 1798
 Industrial Revolution:
Problems of the Factory System

 Recruiting/TrainingWorkers
 Explosive Growth in Mill Towns
 Supervisors, No Background
 Upper Management, Sons or Relatives
 Industrial Revolution:
Industrial Development in America
 Fistadvanced textile mill was built in 1790, 269 mills
in 1810
 Canals (1790~1830): William Weston
 Railroad (1830~1850): John Stevens
 Telegraph line (1844~1860): Samuel Morse
 Steel making (1870~1900): Andrew Carnegie
 Industrial Revolution:
Development of Eng. Education
 Apprenticeship, 18th century
 First Eng. School: 1747 in France  Ecole des Ponts at
Chaussees (School of Bridges and Roads)
 US Military Academy at West Point, 1802
 Civil Eng. Program at West Point, 1817
 First Eng. School: Norwich (Connecticut) Univ. (1819)
 Rensselear Polytechnic Institute (1823), Union College
(1845), Harvard, Yale, Michigan (1847)
 Morrill Land Grant Act, 1862
 Management Philosophies

 Scientific
Management
 Administrative Management
 Behavioral Management
 Scientific Management
 Charles Babbage (1792-1871)
◦ is known as the patron saint of operations research and management
science
◦ Invented 1st mechanical calculator “difference
engine”
◦ Method of observing manufactures (1832)
 Henry Towne and ASME: Management Div. (1886)
◦ was an American mechanical engineer and businessman, known as early
systematize of management.
◦ Towne was one of the first engineers to see management as a new social
role for engineers and that the development of management techniques
was important for the development of the engineering profession.
 Frederic W. Taylor: (1856-1915)
◦ used his engineering background to develop his scientific management
theory. He believed that the use of engineering principles would lead to a
reduction of waste and an increase in production and efficiency that
would benefit not only the business but employees and society in general.
◦ Father of scientific management
 Scientific Management

 Frank B. Gilbreth: (1868-1924)

 Their achievement in improving the productivity of workers,
while simul- taneously reducing fatigue, led to higher profits.
◦ Best way of laying bricks
◦ Devised a system for classifying hand motions into 17
basic divisions Therbligs

 Lillian Moller Gilbreth: (1878-1972)

◦ Psychology of Management (Human Factors)
◦ First Lady of Management
 Scientific Management

 Replaced old rule of thumb

 Believed in selecting, training, teach and
developing workers
 Time Study
 Standards planning
 Criticism of Scientific Management

 Productivity,not quality
 Separating Planning and execution
 Administrative Management

 Henri Fayol (1841-1925):

◦ Developed 14 “general principles of administration”
◦ Divided management activities into five divisions
(Planning, Organizing, Command, Coordination, Control)
 Max Weber (1864-1920):
◦ Division of labor
◦ Hierarchy of authority
◦ Employment based on expertise
◦ Decisions & rules in writing
◦ Separation of management & ownership
 Behavioral Management

 Hawthorne Studies
◦ Original intent was find the level of illumination that made
the work of female coil winders, relay assemblers, and
small parts inspectors more efficient.
◦ Conclusion - persons singled out for special attention
perform as expected
 Abilene Paradox
◦ Failing to manage agreement effectively
 Behavioral Management

 Maslow: Hierarchical theory of human needs

◦ Biological / Physiological Needs
◦ Security / Safety Needs
◦ Social Needs
◦ Ego Needs
◦ Self-actualization Fulfillment
 Contemporary Management:
Issues and Challenges
 Quality Management
◦ Meeting customers’ requirements
◦ Commitment by senior management and all employees
◦ Continuous improvement
◦ Planning quality into products and processes
◦ Teams
◦ Employee involvement and empowerment
◦ Recognition
◦ Benchmarking
◦ Certification (ISO)
◦ Six sigma
 Contemporary Management:
Issues and Challenges
 Customer Focus
◦ CASA/SME CIM
Wheel
 Contemporary Management:
Issues and Challenges
 Information Technology
◦ Computers and Microprocessors
◦ Internet
◦ Engineering Functions: Design, Manufacturing
◦ Business Practice: Supply Chain, e-Business
 Project Management
◦ Complex systems
◦ Dynamic
 Globalization
 Contemporary Management:
Successful Executives
 Chester Barnard (telecommunications executive)
◦ Functions of the Executive
 Alfred P. Sloan (GM)
◦ Annual styling changes
◦ Pricing structure
 Walt Disney (Walt Disney)
◦ Treating customers as “guests”
 Thomas Watson Jr. (IBM)
◦ Service
◦ Customer satisfaction
 Contemporary Management:
Successful Executives
 Admiral Zumwalt (Navy)
◦ “People will respond well to being treated as grownups”
 Bill Hewlett & Dave Packard (HP)
◦ Management by walking around
 Sam Walton (Walmart)
◦ Driving costs out of the merchandising system
 Bill Gates (Microsoft)
◦ Range of products
 Jack Welch (GE)
◦ innovative management strategies and leadership style
 Contemporary Management:
Famous Authors
 Peter
Senge
◦ The Learning Organization
 Systems thinking
 Personal mastery
 Mental models
 Building shared vision
 Team learning
 Contemporary Management:
Famous Authors
 Steven Covey
◦ The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People
 Habit 1: Be Proactive: Principles of Personal Vision
 Habit 2: Begin with the End in Mind: Principles of Personal
Leadership
 Habit 3: Put First Things First: Principles of Personal
Management
 Habit 4: Think Win/Win: Principles of Interpersonal Leadership
 Habit 5: Seek First to Understand, Then to be Understood:
Principles of Empathetic Communication
 Habit 6: Synergize: Principles of Creative Communication
 Habit 7: Sharpen the Saw: Principles of Balanced Self-Renewal
 Contemporary Management:
Famous Authors
 TomPeters
◦ In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America's
Best Run Companies
 1) A bias for action,
 2) Staying close to the customer,
 3) Autonomy and entrepreneurship,
 4) Productivity through people,
 5) Hands-on, value driven,
 6) Stick to the knitting,
 7) Simple form, lean staff, and
 8) Simultaneous loose-tight properties.
 Contemporary Management:
Famous Authors
 Michael Hammer
◦ Re-engineering the corporation
 Scott Adams
◦ Dilbert comic strip
 Michael Porter
◦ Strategic Management and Strategy Theory
 Peter Drucker
◦ Management By Objectives
 Thomas Friedman
◦ The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First
Century
 Discussion Questions

1. Compare the impacts of Industrial Revolution with

the “Information Revolution”.
2. Could you identify some other issues and challenges
faced in today’s engineering management fields?
3. Could you identify some other famous authors who
are influencing management practices of today?