Chemistry

Grade 11
Unit Outline
Knowledge:
 Explain the shape and bond angles and explain the terms bond

energy, bond length and bond polarity and use them to compare
the reactivities of covalent bonds.
 Describe intermolecular forces based on permanent and induced

dipoles, hydrogen bonding and metallic bonding.

 State the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory as applied to

an ideal gas and describe, using a kinetic-molecular model, the

liquid state, melting, vaporisation and vapour pressure.
 Explain the terms pH and calculate [H+ ] and pH values for
(aq)
strong and weakacids and strong bases.
 Show understanding of and use the concept of solubility product,

Ksp and calculate Ksp from concentrations and vice versa.

 Explain and use the terms: rate equation, order
of reaction, rate constant, half-life of a
reaction, and rate-determining step.
 Describes the colligative solution and its effect

on vapor pressure lowering, increasing boiling

point and melting point lowering.
Skills:
 Interpret and predict the effect of different

types of bonding on the physical properties.

 Conduct investigations measuring ph and the

rate of formation of products, identifying the

products of reactions.
Periodic Table
Electron Configuration

Electron configuration is the distribution

of electrons of an atom or molecule (or
other physical structure) in atomic or
molecular orbitals.
Aufbau principle

The Aufbau principle dictates the manner in

which electrons are filled in the atomic orbitals
of an atom in its ground state. It states that
electrons are filled into atomic orbitals in the
increasing order of orbital energy level.
Subshell
 s : Maximum 2 electrons

 p : Maximum 6 electrons

 d : Maximum 10 electrons

 f : Maximum 14 electrons
Example:

3 Li :


12 Mg :


17 Cl :
Exercise :
Use 1s2 notation to give the electronic
configurations for the following elements:
1. vanadium (Z = 23)
2. copper (Z = 29)
3. selenium (Z = 34)
4. silicon (Z = 14)
5. chromium (Z = 24)
6. gallium (Z = 31)
Orbital diagram
An orbital filling diagram is the more visual way
to represent the arrangement of all the
electrons in a particular atom. (1 box max 2e-)
 Subshell s : 1 box
 Subshell p : 3 box
 Subshell d : 5 box
 Subshell f : 7 box
Quantum number
 Principal quantum number
This describes the electron shell, or energy
level, of an electron. The value of n ranges
from 1 to the shell containing the outermost
electron of that atom, that is
n = 1, 2, ...
Example :
1. 4Be :
2. 11Na :
Azimuthal quantum number (ℓ )
Also known as the (angular quantum number or
orbital quantum number), this describes the
subshell, and gives the magnitude of the orbital
angular momentum through the relation.
ℓ :s:0
p :1
d:2
f :3
Magnetic quantum number (m)
This describes the specific orbital within that
subshell, and yields the projection of the
orbital angular momentum along a specified
axis
m:s:0
p : -1, 0, +1
d : -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
f : -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3
Quantum spin
This describes the spin (intrinsic angular
momentum) of the electron within that orbital,
and gives the projection of the spin angular
momentum S along the specified axis.
: s = +1/2

: s = - 1/2