ABSOLUTE & SECONDARY

INSTRUMENT
 Absolute instrument
 Which gives the value of the quantity to be
measured ,in terms of the constants of the
instrument and their deflection only.
 Secondary quantities are those in which
values of electric quantities can be measured
from the deflection of the instrument. (when
they have been pre calibrated by comparison
with absolute instrument .without
calibration the deflection of such instrument
is meaning less.
ELECTRICAL PRINCIPAL OF
OPERATION
 All electrical instrument depend for their
action on one of the many physical effects.
1.Magnetic Effect-(for ammeter &voltmeter)
2.Electerodynamic Effect-(for ammeter
&voltmeter)
3.Electromagnetic Effect-(for ammeter ,
voltmeter, wattmeter & watthourmeter)
4.Thermal Effect-(for ammeter & voltmeter)
5.Chemical Effect-(for dc ampere- hourmeter)
6.Elecrostatic Effect-(for voltmeter only)
CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY
INSTRUMENT
• Indicate the instantaneous value
Indicating being measured in time
instrument

• Give the continuous record of the

Recoding values taken in different time
instrument

• Which measured and register the

Integrating total quantity like current voltage
instrument
ESSENTIAL OF INDICATING
INSTRUMENT

A deflecting(operating)torque

Damping torque A controlling(restoring)torque

CONTROLLING TORQUE
   Spring control
The twist in the spring produce the controlling
torque which is directly proportional to the
angel of the deflection . the pointers come to
rest when the operating and controlling torque
are equal.

∝θ
 GRAVITY CONTROL
  
Achieved by adjusting some adjustable
weight.
 The controlling torque is proportional to the
sin of angel of deflection.

 The degree of control is adjust by screwing
the weight up or down the carrying system.



ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES

The
Unaffected It gives
Deterioration Disadvantage instrument
Advantages by Cheap cramped
with time s has to be
temperature scale
kept vertical
DAMPING TORQUE
 A damping force which act on the moving
system of the instrument(only when it is
moving)always oppose its motion.
 Damping force is necessary to reset the
pointer quickly.
 The damping force can be produced by

 Air friction
 Eddy current
 Fluid friction
WHAT IS A VOLTMETER?
 It is the most common instrument used to
measure voltage

 It measure either AC or DC voltage

 It is a measure of the voltage between two

points of an electrical current
TYPES OF VOLTMETER
INSTRUMENT
 Analog
The readings are shown on a scale

 Digital
The readings are displayed on a LCD or LED
display panel
REPRESENTATIONS OF
VOLTMETER INSTRUMENTS
HOW DOES THE VOLTMETER
WORK?
 Work on the principle of Ohm’s Law

Potential Difference = Current × Resistance

(Volts)= (Amperes) ×
(Ohms)
MEASURING THE VOLTS OF THE
MOTOR
 The voltmeter indicates polarity by direction by
needle movement with an analog instrument.

 For a digital instrument polarity is indicated by the

sign of the numerical value
 When measuring a voltage difference there are
always two leads coming from the instrument that
will have to be connected to the two points in your
circuit across which the voltage appears.        
Voltage might be any of the following:
 Across an element embedded in a circuit.
 The output of a transducer measuring some physical
variable like temperature, pH, etc.