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Describing Data:: Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions, and Graphic Presentation
Describing Data:: Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions, and Graphic Presentation
Describing Data:: Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions, and Graphic Presentation
2
Mutually Exclusive
3
Frequency Table
4
Relative Class Frequencies
5
Textbook: Bar Charts
Excel: Column Chart
In Excel,
this is a
Column chart.
Column charts
are good for
Nominal Level
Data. Notice
that the
columns do not
touch.
6
Pie Charts
7
Frequency Distribution
A Frequency distribution is a
grouping of data into mutually
exclusive categories showing
the number of observations in
each class.
•The raw data are more easily interpreted if organized into a frequency
distribution
•The resulting frequency distribution helps a person to quickly see the
“shape” of the data
•Although the frequency distribution will result in the loss of some detail,
seeing patterns in the data can help a person to make better decisions
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5 Steps To Organize Raw Data Into A
Frequency Distribution
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Step 1: Determining The Number Of Classes
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Definitions
Class Interval
– Distance between lower limit of class and lower limit of the next
class
– The class interval is obtained by subtracting the lower limit of a
class from the lower limit of the next class (also midpoint to
midpoint)
Class Midpoint (Class Mark)
– The midpoint can be thought of as the “typical value” for the
class
– This is the average of the upper and lower class limits:
(Lower class limit + upper class limit)/2
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Step 2: Determine The Class Interval Or Width
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EXAMPLE – Creating a Frequency
Distribution Table
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Constructing a Frequency Table -
Example
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Step 3: Set The Individual Class Limits
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Constructing a Frequency Table
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Observed Patterns:
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Relative Frequency Distribution
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Graphic Presentation of a
Frequency Distribution
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Histogram
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Other Notes About Histogram
22
Frequency Polygon
A frequency polygon
also shows the shape
of a distribution and is
similar to a histogram.
It consists of line
segments connecting
the points formed by
the intersections of the
class midpoints and the
class frequencies.
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Cumulative Frequency Distribution
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Cumulative Frequency Distribution
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Second Example of a Cumulative Frequency
Distribution (prices of vehicles are lower)
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Cumulative Frequency Polygon
80 100%
70
60 75%
Number of Vehicles Sold
50
40 50%
30
20 25%
10
0
9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33
Selling Price ($000)
27
Cumulative Frequency Polygon
Plot line on coordinate
system x y (left)
X-axis = Upper limit of 12 0
class 15 8
Y-axis (Left) = 18 31
Cumulative Frequency 21 48
Y-axis (Right) = % 24 66
27 74
First point on graph is:
30 78
(lower limit of first class, 0)
33 80
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Cumulative Frequency Polygon
80 100%
70
x y (left)
60 75%
12 0
15 8
Number of Vehicles Sold
50
18 31
40 50% 21 48
24 66
30 27 74
30 78
25%
20
33 80
10
0
9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33
Selling Price ($000)
29
Cumulative Frequency Polygon
80 100%
70
60 75%
Number of Vehicles Sold
50
70
60 75%
Number of Vehicles Sold
50
40 50% 25 of the
vehicles
30
sold for
20 25% less than
about
10
$17,500
0
9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33
Selling Price ($000)
31
Cumulative Frequency Polygon
80 100%
70
60 75%
Number of Vehicles Sold
50