DENTURE BASE RESINS

Presented by
Dr. Susovan Giri

1
Contents
 Introduction

 Definitions

 History

 Physical Properties of denture base resins

 Classification of denture base materials

 Polymethyl methacrylate

 Compression molding technique

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 Injection molding technique

 Chemically activated denture base resin

 Fluid resin technique

 Light-activated denture base resins

 Conclusion

 References

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INTRODUCTION
 Acrylic based resins are frequently used in daily dental practice.

 The most common use of the materials includes denture bases and
denture liners, temporary crowns and orthodontic appliances.

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DEFINITIONS
Denture base :

 The portion of a denture that supports the artificial dentition and

replaces the alveolar structures and gingival tissues.

Denture base materials :

 Any substance of which a denture base may be made, such as acrylic

resin, vulcanite, polystyrene, or metal. (GPT-4)

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 HISTORY
WOOD:
 For years, dentures were designed from
wood because it was readily available,
relatively inexpensive and could be
carved to desired shape.

 However, it warped and cracked in

moisture, lacked aesthetics and got
degraded in the oral environment.

BONE:

 Dentures made from bone became very

popular due to its availability,
reasonable cost and carvability.

 It is reported that Fauchard fabricated

dentures by measuring individual arches
with a compass and cutting bone to fit the
arches. 6
IVORY:

 Ivory denture bases and prosthetic

teeth were fashioned by carving this
material to desired shape.

 These were relatively stable in the

oral environment, offered esthetic
and hygienic advantages compared
to wood or bone.

PORCELAIN:

 Alexis Duchateau (1774) was the

first to fabricate porcelain dentures.

 In 1788 AD, a French dentist,

Nicholas Dubois de Chemant,
made a baked-porcelain complete
denture in a single block. 7
 The advantages were that it could be

 shaped easily,

 ensured intimate contact with the underlying

tissues,

 stable,

 minimal water sorption,

 smooth surfaces after glazing,

 less porosity, low solubility and could be

tinted .

But its drawbacks were brittleness and difficulty

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in grinding and polishing.
GOLD:

 In 1794 AD, John Greenwood began to swage gold bases for dentures.
He also made dentures for George Washington.

VULCANITE DENTURES:

 Charles Goodyear, in 1839, discovered the process of dry-heat

vulcanization of rubber by heating caoutchouc, sulphur and white lead
together.

 In 1851, Goodyear used this technique to produce a highly cross-

linked hard rubber named Vulcanite after the Roman god.

 The fit of these vulcanite bases allowed self retaining dentures,

making earlier spring type dentures obsolete.

 These were the first functional, durable and affordable dentures.

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TORTOISE SHELL:

 CF Harrington (1850) introduced the first thermoplastic denture

material, the tortoise shell base.

GUTTA PERCHA:

 Edwin Truman (1851) used Gutta percha as a denture base but it was
unstable.

CHEOPLASTIC:

 Alfred A Blandy (1856) made dentures from a low fusing alloy of

silver, bismuth and antimony but it was never accepted.
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ALUMINIUM:

 Dr. Bean (1867) invented the casting machine and did the first
casting of a denture base in aluminium.

CELLULOID:

 J. Smith Hyatt (1869) introduced celluloid that was later used as a

denture base material because of its translucency and pink color.

 However, this material did not gain much popularity because of

distortion and discoloration.

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BAKELITE:

 Dr. Leo Bakeland (1909) introduced this phenol formaldehyde resin

which was easily available but lacked color quality.

STAINLESS STEEL and BASE METAL ALLOYS:

 Ni-Cr and Co-Cr were obtained by E. Haynes (1907) but they gained
popularity after 1937 because of their low density, low material cost,
higher resistance to tarnish and corrosion and high modulus of
elasticity.

 Allergy to Nickel and difficulty in adjustment posed a practical

problem.
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VINYL RESIN:

 Mixtures of polymerized vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate were

under experimentation during 1930 due to their pleasing color but had
difficult processing methods.

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 Physical Properties of denture base
resins
 Polymerization shrinkage,

 Porosity,

 Water absorption,

 Solubility,

 Processing stresses, and

 Crazing.

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Polymerization shrinkage :

 Density of the mass changes from 0.94 g/cm3 to 1.19 g/cm3

 This change in density results in a volumetric shrinkage of 21 %.

 Volumetric shrinkage exhibited by the polymerized mass should be

approximately 7 %.

 Based on volumetric shrinkage of 7%, an acrylic resin should exhibit a linear

shrinkage of approximately 2%.

 In reality, the obser ved linear shrinkage is less than 1%.

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 The denture base resin cools from the glass transition temperature to
room temperature, it undergoes a linear shrinkage that may be
expressed as :

 Linear shrinkage = αΔT = (81 ppm/0c ) (1050c -200c ) (100%) = 0.69%

 Dentures constructed using chemically activated resins generally

display better adaptation than those using heat activated resins
attributed to the negligible thermal shrinkage displayed by chemically
activated resins .

 Processing shrinkage 0.26 % for chemically activated resins compared

with 0.53% for heat-activated resins .
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Porosity :

 Develop in thicker portions of a denture base.

 Porosity result from :

1. vaporization of unreacted monomer and low mol. Wt. polymers.

2. Result from inadequate mixing of powder & liquid components.

3. Inadequate pressure or insufficient material in the mold during

the polymerization.

4. Air inclusions incorporated during mixing and pouring procedures

associated with fluid resins.

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 It can be minimized by :

1. Ensuring the greatest possible homogeneity of the resin,

2. Use of proper polymer –to-monomer ratios,

3. Well controlled mixing procedures.

4. Careful spruing, and venting seem to help reduce incidence of air

inclusions.

 It is wise to delay the packing until more homogeneous consistency in the

doughlike stage

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Water absorption :

 PMMA absorbs relatively small amount of water when placed in

aqueous environment.

 Water molecules penetrate the PMMA mass & occupy position

between polymer chains.

 Consequently, affected polymer chains are forced apart.

 Water within polymerized mass produces :

1. Slight expansion of polymerized mass.

2. Water molecules interfere with the entanglement of polymer chain &
thereby acts as a plasticizer.
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 PMMA exhibits a water sorption value of 0.69 mg/cm 2 .

 Each 1 % increase in weight produced by water absorption, acrylic resin

expands 0.23 % linearly.

 The diffusion coefficient (D) of water in heat activated denture acrylic

resin is 0.011 x 10-6 cm 2/ s at 37°c.

 The diffusion coefficient (D) of water in chemically activated denture

acrylic resin is 0.023 x 10-6 cm 2/ s.

 Linear expansion caused by water absorption is approximately equal to

thermal shrinkage.
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According to ANSI/ADA Specification No. 12 :

 weight gain following immersion must not be greater than 0.8 mg/cm 2 .

Solubility :

 Virtually insoluble in the fluids commonly encountered in oral cavity.

According to ANSI/ADA Specification No. 12 :

 Weight loss must not be greater than 0.04 mg/cm 2 .

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Processing stresses :

 When natural dimension change is inhibited, the affected material

contains stresses .

 A moderate amount of shrinkage occurs as individual monomers are

linked to form polymer chains.

 Friction between the mold walls and soft resin may inhibit normal
shrinkage of these chains.

 As a result, the polymer chains are stretched, and the resin sustain
tensile stresses.

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 Stresses also are produced as the result of thermal shrinkage.

 Disparity in contraction rates of denture base resins & dental stones

yields stresses within the resin.

 The release of stresses yields dimensional changes that are cumulative

in nature.

 Total dimensional changes occurring as a result of processing and

water absorption are in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 mm.

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Crazing :

 Stress relaxation produce small flaws

affecting esthetic & physical properties
of a denture.

 The production of such flaws, or

microcracks, is termed as crazing.

 Transparent resin imparts a “hazy” or

“foggy” appearance.

 Tinted resin imparts a whitish

appearance.

 Surface cracks predispose a denture

resin to fracture.

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Strength :

 On application of load on resin, it produces stresses within the resin &

produce plastic deformation & elastic deformation.

 When this load is released, stresses within the resin are relaxed &
denture begins to return to its normal state but plastic deformation
prevents its complete recovery.

 Most important determinant of resin strength is degree of

polymerization achieved.

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 Heat cured resin exhibit better degree of polymerization than self cure
resin, so their strength is greater than the autopolymerizing resin

 Also, increased duration of polymerization cycle, in case of heat

cure resin appears to yield improved physical properties

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CREEP :

 Viscoelastic behavior of resin.

 Additional plastic deformation produced due to sustained load.

 Rate at which deformation occur is known as creep rate.

 Rate is increased by increase in temp., applied load, residual monomer

& presence of plasticizer.

 Creep rate  more rapidly in self cure.

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Classification of denture base materials

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Denture base polymers are classified by ANSI/ADA Spec. No 121 and ISO
20795-12 as follows:

Type 1: Heat-polymerizable materials

 Class 1: Powder and liquid
 Class 2: Plastic cake

Type 2: Autopolymerizable materials

 Class 1: Powder and liquid
 Class 2: Powder and liquid pour-type resins

Type 3: Thermoplastic blank or powder

Type 4: Light-activated materials

Type 5: Microwave cured materials

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POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE:
 Rohm and Hass (1936) introduced PMMA in sheet form and Nemours
(1937) in powder form.

 Dr. Walter Wright (1937) introduced Polymethyl methacrylate as a

denture base material which became the major polymer to be used in the
next ten years.

 This material has been divided into two types based on the method of
activation.

1. Heat-activated PMMA
2. Chemically activated PMMA

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1) Heat-activated PMMA:

 These are supplied in powder-liquid form.

 The powder contains Polymethyl methacrylate beads along with

Benzoyl peroxide (Initiator), Dibutyl phthalate (plasticizer), pigments
and opacifiers.

 The liquid contains Methyl methacrylate monomer with

Hydroquinone (inhibitor), Glycol dimethacrylate (cross-linking agent)
and plasticizers.

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 Currently, almost all denture materials are radiolucent and concerns
exist about the difficulty of removing fragments of fractured dentures
aspirated during accidents.

 Addition of Bismuth (10-15%) or uranyl salts provides adequate

radiodensity, but at the cost of increased transverse deflection and
water sorption.

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 Modifications

a) High-impact strength resin

 These polymers are similar to heat-accelerated methyl methacrylate

materials but are reinforced with butadiene-styrene rubber.

 The rubber particles are grafted to methyl methacrylate to bond to the

acrylic matrix.

 These materials are supplied in powder-liquid form and are

conventionally processed.

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b) Rapid heat-polymerized resin

 These are hybrid acrylics, with both chemical and heat-activated

initiators, to allow rapid polymerization without the porosity that might
be expected.

 These are polymerized in boiling water for 20 minutes immediately after

being packed into a denture flask.

 After bench cooling to room temperature, the denture is deflasked,

trimmed and polished in the conventional manner.

Heat-activated PMMA can be processed by

 Compression technique
 Injection molding technique

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 The addition of silver–zinc zeolite to acrylic resins yields antimicrobial
activity,

 but may affect negatively the mechanical properties, depending on the

percentage of zeolite.

 It was concluded that the addition of low percentages of silver–zinc

antimicrobial zeolites to polymethylmethacrylate can be a valuable
alternative for reducing microbial contamination of acrylic resin
denture bases, acrylic baseplates of removable orthodontic appliances,
myofunctional plates or other such devices.

L.A. Casemiro et al. Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of acrylic

resins with incorporated silver–zinc zeolite – part I Gerodontology 2008;
25: 187–194
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c) Microwave-activated PMMA:

 Nishii (1968) first used microwave energy to polymerize denture base resin
in a 400 watt microwave oven for 2.5minutes.

 This research was later carried on by Kimura et al (1983) and De Clerk.

Types:
 a) Compression moulding technique
 b) Injection moulding technique

Composition

 Supplied in Powder liquid system.

 Special polycarbonate or fibre-reinforced plastic flasks (1985) are used

instead of metallic flasks as microwaves will reflect from the surface.
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Technique

 Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation produced by a

generator called a magnetron, which can be used to generate heat
inside the resin.

 Methylmethacrylate molecules are able to orient themselves in the

electromagnetic field and at a frequency of 2450MHz, their direction
changes nearly 5 billion times a second.

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 Consequently, numerous intermolecular collisions occur causing rapid
heating.

 As the heat required to break the benzoyl peroxide molecule into free
radicals is created inside the resin, the temperature outside the flask
remains cool.

 The polymerization heat is dispersed more efficiently and the

polymerization is rapid with less risk of porosity.

 In addition, this technique eliminates the time needed to transfer the

heat of the oven or the hot water, through the various structures, such
as the flask, investment and stone cast to the resin itself.

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 Microwaves act only on the monomer, which decreases in the same
proportion as the polymerization degree increases.

 Therefore, the same amount of energy is absorbed by less and less

monomer, making the molecules increasingly active.

 This self regulatory curing programme leads to complete

polymerization of the resin.

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 The latest microwave-polymerized polymer with the injection molding
system for denture construction claims to have the advantages of both
the injection –processing and microwave-curing methods.

 The one-component paste form resin is packaged in a disposable

plastic cartridge that eliminates mixing and direct handling.

 It is a polyurethane-based polymer and is biologically compatible.

40
Advantages:

 Greatly reduced curing time (3 min.),

 Shortened dough-forming time,

 Minimal color changes,

 Less fracture of artificial teeth and resin bases and

 Superior denture base adaptability,

 Lower residual monomer ratio,

 Most stable.
.
41
Disadvantages:

 Microwave polymerized acrylic resins exhibit less bond strength to

the denture teeth.

 The occurrence of increased porosity is due to heat entrapment in the

nonmetallic flasks used for the purpose.

 The plastic flasks and polycarbon bolts are relatively expensive and
have a tendency to break down on exceeding packing pressure
(1200psi) and after processing several dentures.

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Compression molding technique
 As a rule, heat-activated denture base resins are shaped via
compression molding.

Preparation of the mold

 The master cast & completed tooth arrangement are removed from
dental articulator.

 The master cast is coated with a thin layer of separator to prevent

adherence of dental stone during flasking.

 The lower portion of flask is filled with dental stone, master cast is
placed into it.

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 The dental stone is contoured to
facilitate wax elimination, packing,
and deflasking procedures.

 Upon reaching its initial set, the stone

is coated with separator and a surface
reducing agent is applied to the wax
surfaces, and second mix of stone is
poured into the flask.

 The investing stone is added until all

surfaces of tooth arrangement &
denture base are completely covered.

 Upon completion of setting, the record

base and wax removed from the mold.

 The denture flask is immersed in

boiling water for 4 min.
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Selection and application of a separating medium

 Application of an appropriate separating medium onto walls of the mold

cavity prevent direct contact between denture base resin and the mold
surface.

 Failure to place an appropriate separating medium lead to :

1. If water is permitted to diffuse from the mold surface into denture base
resin, it may affect the polymerization rate as well as the optical and
physical properties of the resultant denture base.

2. If dissolved polymer or free monomer is permitted to soak into the mold

surface, portions of the investing medium may become fused to the
denture base.
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Polymer-to- monomer ratio :

 To minimize dimensional changes, Resin manufacturers prepolymerize

a significant fraction of the denture base resin.

 The accepted polymer to monomer ratio is 3:1 by volume.

 Using this ratio the volumetric shrinkage is limited to 6% and 0.5%

linear shrinkage

46
Polymer-Monomer Interaction :
 when monomer & polymer mixed in proper proportion, a workable mass

is produced.

 The resultant mass passes through 5 distinct stages :

1. Sandy

2. Stringy

3. Dough-like

4. Rubbery or elastic’

5. Stiff
47
Sandy Stage

 The polymer gradually settles into the monomer to form a somewhat fluid,
incoherent mass.

Stringy Stage

 The penetration of the monomer into the polymer; the layer of polymer that is
penetrated, sloughs off and either goes into solution or is dispersed in the
monomer.

 This stage is characterized by a stringiness and adhesiveness if the mixture is

touched or pulled apart.

48
Dough-like Stage

 The mass becomes more saturated with polymer in solution, it

becomes smooth and dough like.

 It is no longer tacky,

 Suitable for packing.

Rubbery Stage

 The monomer disappears, by evaporation and by further penetration

into the polymer.

49
 The mass becomes more cohesive and rubberlike. it is no longer
completely plastic, and it cannot be molded

Stiff Stage

 Upon standing for an extended period, the mixture becomes stiff.

 This may be due to the evaporation of free monomer. From clinical

point, the mixture appears very dry and resistant to mechanical
deformation

50
DOUGH FORMING TIME

 The time required for the resin mixture to reach a dough like stage is
termed the dough forming time.

 In clinical use, the majority of resin reach a dough like consistency in

less than 10 min.

WORKING TIME

 Time that a denture base material remain in the dough like stage.

 This period is critical to compression molding

 at least 5 min.
51
PACKING

 Placement and adaptation of denture base material within the mold

cavity is termed packing.

 Overpacking - leads to excessive thickness and malpositioning of

prosthetic teeth.

 Underpacking - leads to noticeable denture base porosity.

 Trial packing is done to ensure proper packing of resin mass in the

mold.

 After the final closure of the flasks, they should remain at room
temperature for 30- 60 min. it is called bench curing.

52
53
Bench curing

 It permits equalization of pressure throughout the mold.

 Allows more time for uniform dispersion of monomer throughout the

mass of dough.

 If resin teeth are used, it provides a longer exposure of resin teeth to

the monomer producing a better bond of the teeth with the base
material.

54
Injection molding technique

 Using a specially designed flask, one half of the flask is filled with
dental stone & master cast is settled into the stone.

 The dental stone is appropriately contoured & permitted to set.

 Subsequently , sprues are attached to the wax denture base.

 The remaining portion of the flask is positioned, & the investment is

completed.

 Wax elimination is performed and the flask is reassembled .

55
56
 Afterward, the flask is placed into a carrier that maintains pressure on the
assembly during resin introduction and processing .

 Upon completion of these steps resin is injected into the mold cavity.

 The flask is then placed into the water bath for polymerization of the
denture base resin,

 As the material polymerizes , additional resin is introduced into the mold

cavity to offsets the effects of polymerization shrinkage.

 Denture is recovered, adjusted, finished, and polished.

57
Polymerization procedure

 Above 600c molecules of benzoyl peroxide decomposed to yield free

radical.

 Each free radical rapidly react with available monomer molecules to

initiate chain growth polymerization.

 Consequently, the additional monomer molecules become attached to

individual polymer chain.

 Heat is required to cause decomposition of benzoyl peroxide molecules

 Decomposition of benzoyl peroxide molecules yields free radical that are

responsible for initiation of chain growth.

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Temperature rise

 Slightly above 700c temperature of denture base resin begin to rise

rapidly.

 Increased decomposition rate of benzoyl peroxide .

 Increased rate of polymerization.

 Temperature of resin also exceeds BP of monomer and this produces

significant effects on physical characteristics of processed dentures.

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Internal porosity

 If temperature exceeds BP of unreacted monomer these components

may boil.

 Clinically, boiling yields porosity within completed denture base.

 Such porosity not seen at surface of denture base.

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Polymerization cycle :

 Processing denture base resin in constant temperature water bath at

740c for 8 hr or longer with no terminal boiling.

 Processing in a 740c water bath for 8 hr and then to 1000c for 1 hr.

 Processing resin at 740c for approximately 2 hr and increasing

temperature of water bath to 1000c for 1 hr.

61
Chemically activated denture base
resin
 Often referred as cold-curing, self curing / autopolymerising resin.

 Fundamental difference is the method by which benzoyl peroxide is divided to

yield free radicals.

 Addition of tertiary amines, such as dimethyl Para toluidine, to denture base

liquid.

 Tertiary amine causes benzoyl peroxide decomposition to produce free radical

& polymerization progresses.

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 Greater amount of unreacted monomer

 It acts as plasticizer & decreases transverse strength

 Potential tissue irritant compromising biocompatibility of denture

base.

 Display less shrinkage this imparts greater dimensional accuracy.

 Inferior color stability but may be minimized via addition of

stabilizing agents to prevent oxidation.

63
Technical consideration :

 Special attention must be paid to the consistency of material & rate of

polymerization.

 A lengthy initiation period is desirable.

 Proper amount of resin is employed & a minimal number of trial

closures are needed.

64
Processing considerations
 Initial hardening occurs in 30 min of final flask closure.

 To ensure sufficient polymerization, flask should be held under

pressure for a minimum 3 hr.

 Resin polymerized via chemical activation display 3% to 5% free

monomer, whereas heat activated exhibit 0.2% to 0.5% free monomer.

65
Fluid resin technique
 A low viscosity, pourable, chemically activated resin is poured into
mold cavity & subjected to atmospheric pressure & allowed to
polymerize.

 Specially designed flask is filled with reversible hydrocolloid

investment medium & assembly is cooled.

 Following gelation, cast with tooth arrangement is removed.

 Sprues & vent are cut from external surface of flask to mold cavity.

 Prosthetic teeth retrieved & carefully seated in respective position.

66
67
 Cast is returned to its position in mold.

 Flask placed in pressure pot at room temperature & resin is

polymerized.

ADVANTAGES FOR FLUID RESIN TECHNIQUE :

1. Improved adaptation.

2. Decreased probability of damage to prosthetic teeth.

3. Reduced material cost.

4. Simplified flasking, deflasking , finishing.

68
DISADVANTAGES :

1. Noticeable shifting of prosthetic teeth,

2. Air entrapment within denture base material,

3. Poor bonding between the denture base material and acrylic resin
teeth,

4. Technique sensitivity.

69
Light-activated denture base resins
 A composite of urethane dimethacrylate, microfine silica, and high
mol. Wt. acrylic resin monomers.

 Acrylic resin beads are included as organic filler.

 Visible light is the activator, whereas camphorquinone serves as

initiator for polymerization.

 Supplied in sheet and rope forms in light proof pouches.

 Cannot be flasked in a conventional manner .

 Denture base is exposed to a high intensity visible light source for an

appropriate period.
70
Advantages :

 Increased stiffness,

 good form and volume stability, and low sensitivity to moisture.

 easy to use and save time,

 to make trays that can be used immediately and that are suitable for
galvanic cast preparation,

 Volume changes resulting from coefficients of thermal expansion and

setting shrinkage can be compensated.

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Disadvantage of light-cured materials was the

 Fine dust produced during trimming,

 The dust is a very fine powder as opposed to the shavings produced

with self-cured resin.

 This fine powder could be a distinct disadvantage to the widespread

use of light-curing materials.

 When these light-curing materials are used, it is advisable to use a

protective face dust mask as well as an efficient dust-extraction unit at
the laboratory bench.

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 The average light-cured appliance took approximately 2.5 minutes
longer to complete the adaptation of die baseplate material.

 The thickness of the light-cured material should not exceed 2 to 3 mm

at any part of the baseplate; otherwise it will cure on the top surface
only and on the surface next to the cast, leaving a void between the
layers.

 The recommended rating for Thixotec is between 400 and 500 nm and
uses a Zeon Strobe light unit.
FORMS OF DENTURE BASE RESINS-

1) Repair resins

2) Relining & rebasing

3) Short term & long term soft denture liners

4) Resin impression tray (custom made)

5) Resin teeth

6) Material for maxillofacial prosthesis

74
Repair resins :

 Light-, heat- or chemically activated.

 Realign & lute component together using an adherent wax or modelling plastic.

 Repair cast is generated using dental stone.

 Cast coated with separating medium and denture base sections are
repositioned and affixed to the cast.

 Chemically activated resins is preferred as they polymerize at room

temperature.

 Monomer is painted on prepared surface of denture base to facilitate bonding

of repair material.

 A slight excess of material is placed at repair site to account for polymerization

shrinkage. 75
Relining :

 Relining is Replacement of tissue surface of an existing denture,

whereas rebasing involves replacement of the entire denture base.

 Denture is used as an impression tray .

 A stone cast is generated and assembly is invested in denture flask,

flask is opened & prepared for the introduction of resin.

 For relining impression material is removed from the denture and

tissue surface is cleaned to enhance bonding between existing resin
and reline material.

 Then, appropriate resin is introduced and shaped using a compression

molding technique.

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Rebasing :

 Denture is used as an impression tray .

 A stone cast is fabricated in the impression.

 the cast & denture are mounted in a device designed to mainjtain the
correct vertical and horizontal relationships between stone cast and
surfaces of the prosthetic teeth.

 Denture is removed and the teeth are separated from the existing
denture base.

 Teeth repositioned in their respective indices and held in original

relationships to the cast

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 The denture base is waxed to the desired form.

 Completed tooth arrangement is sealed to the cast and the assembly is

invested.

 Following wax elimination and baseplate removal, resin is introduced

into the mold cavity & subsequently processed.

 Denture is recovered, finished and polished.

78
Short term & long term soft denture liners :

 Soft denture liner absorb some energy by masticatory impact.

 Serves as “shock absorber” between occlusal surface of a denture and

underlying oral tissues.

 Most commonly used plasticized acrylic resins (heat- or chemically

activated).

 Chemically activated employs poly methyl methacrylate or poly ethyl

methacrylate.

 Mixed with liquids containing 60% to 80% plasticizer(dibutyl

phthalate).

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 This large plasticizer minimizes polymer chain entanglement thereby
permitting individual chains to slip one another.

 This slipping motion permits rapid changes in the shape of soft liners
& provides cushioning effect for the underlying tissues.

 Consequently, the resultant liners are considered short term soft liners
or tissue conditioners.

 Heat activated materials are more durable & considered long term soft
liners.

 But they degrade over time & not to be considered permanent.

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 The most successful materials for soft liner applications is silicone
rubbers.

 Not dependant on leachable plasticizers thus retain their elastic

properties for prolonged periods.

 But may lose adhesion to underlying denture bases.

 To promote adhesion rubber-poly (methyl methacrylate) cements

often used.

 Silicone polymer is one silicone liner that doesnot require an adhesive

when it is cured

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Resin impression tray (custom made) :

 Resin trays are often used in Dental impression procedures.

 Chemically activated acrylic resin custom trays has negative properties

such as, lack of dimensional stability and hazardous effects of the
residual monomer.

 Light activated resins has several advantages over the Chemically

activated acrylic resin materials.

 These are:

 lack of offensive odor;

 improved working time;

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 excellent dimensional and volume stability;

 sufficient rigidity and stiffness;

 easy to work with and the immersion in disinfectants with no effect on the
physical or mechanical properties of this material.

 Significant linear shrinkage of the Light activated resin occurs during

polymerization.

 Thus, custom trays made from this material may be used immediately after
polymerization.

SAADIKA B. KHAN MECHANICAL AND HANDLING PROPERTIES OF LIGHT – CURED ACRYLIC RESIN
CUSTOM TRAY MATERIAL May 2007
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Denture cleanser :

 A wide variety of agents for cleaning artificial dentures include :

 Dentifrices, proprietary denture cleansers, mild detergents, household

cleansers, bleaches, and vinegar.

 Immersion agent contain alkaline compounds, detergents, sodium

perborate, and flavoring agents.

 When dissolved in water, , sodium perborate decomposes to form an

alkaline peroxide solution, this solution releases oxygen that loosens
debris via mechanical means.

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 Persulfates are used in most denture cleansers as part of the cleaning
and bleaching process.
 Consider appropriate alternatives to persulfates.

 Symptoms may include

1. irritation,
2. tissue damage,
3. rash,
4. hives,
5. gum tenderness,
6. breathing problems, and low blood pressure.

 Patient should be educated regarding care and cleaning of resin

prosthesis.
Allergy :

Nealey and Del Rio1 described stomatitis venenata, a contact allergy caused by a
prosthesis constructed of self-curing acrylic resin.

Palatal erythema delineating the contact area.

Burning sensations and difficulty in swallowing.

Fernström et al suggested that only the unpolished surface of the resin contained
allergenic substances.

Nealey ET, Del Rio CE. Stomatitis venenata: reaction of a patient to acrylic resin. J Prosthet Dent 1969;21:480-4.
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MATERIAL FOR MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHESIS

LATEX-
 Natural latex-
 Soft , inexpensive material ,create life like prosthesis.
 Weak , rapid degeneration , color instable

 Synthetic latex -Tripolymer of butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate &

methylmethacrylamide.
 Superior to natural latex.
 Enhanced transparency & improved blending. 

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VINYL PLASTISOL-

 Thick composed of small vinyl particle dispersed in a plasticizer.

 Colorants are added.

 Hardens with age due to plasticizer migration.

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SILICON RUBBER :-

 Silicon introduced in mid 1940s.

 Both room temp. & heat vulcanizing silicone rubber are in use today.

 Room temp. vulcanizing silicone rubber are supplied as single paste

system, coloured by addition of dyed rayon fibers, dry earth pigments
& oil paints.

 Mold con be made up of stone, epoxy resins or metals.

 These are generally monochromatic.

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 Heat vulcanizing silicone rubber is supplied as semisolid or puttylike
material that requires milling, packing under pressure & a 30 min. heat
application cycle at 1800C.

 Intrinsic colour can be achieved as pigments are milled into the

material.

 Display better strength & colour stability.

 Major disadvantage-

 require a milling machine & a press.

 Metal mold is used.
 Lengthy procedure.

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Polyurethane polymers :

 Recent materials

 Require accurate proportioning of three components.

 Material is placed in a stone or metal mold and allowed to polymerised

at room temperature.

 Natural feel appearance.

 Susceptible to rapid distortion.

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 Inherent environmental stability,

 high tear resistance,

 Low modulus without the use of plasticizers, and

 good ultimate strength and elongation.

 They can accept intrinsic coloring and are

 Amenable to maxillofacial processing techniques.

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 ADVANCES IN DENTURE BASE RESINS :

a) High-impact strength resin

 These polymers are similar to heat-accelerated methyl methacrylate

materials but are reinforced with butadiene-styrene rubber.

 The rubber particles are grafted to methyl methacrylate to bond to the

acrylic matrix.

 These materials are supplied in powder-liquid form and are

conventionally processed.

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 flexural strength and impact strength of denture base polymer

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Flexible Dentures :

 Soft dentures are generally only used when traditional dentures cause
discomfort to the patient that cannot be solved through relining.

 Soft dentures are not the same as a soft reline for traditional dentures. Soft
relines use a soft puttylike substance to separate gums from the hard
acrylic in dentures.

 Flexible dentures use a special flexible resin that prevents them from
chafing the gums, allows the wearer to chew properly.

 It provides a soft base that prevents the gums from being rubbed raw.

 Some of the commercially available products are Valplast, Duraflex,

Flexite, Proflex, Lucitone, Impak where as valplast and lucitone are
monomer free.

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 Almost impossible to detect in the mouth.

 No clasping is visible on tooth surfaces (when used in manufacturing

of clear clasps),

 improving esthetics.

 The material is exceptionally strong and flexible.

 Free movement is allowed by the overall flexibility.

 Complete biocompatibility is achieved .

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 Clinicians are able to use areas of the ridge that would not be possible
with conventional denture and partial techniques.

 Patient can wear appliances that would normally not be comfortable.

 Flexible dentures will not cause sore spots due to negative reaction to
acrylic resins and

 will absorb small amounts of water to make the denture more soft
tissue compatible.

 Flexible dentures may be used as an alternate treatment plan in

rehabilitating the anomalies such as ectodermal dysplasia.

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Disadvantages

 Flexible dentures generally not used for long-term restorations and is

intended only for provisional or temporary applications.

 Flexible dentures tend to absorb the water content and will discolor
often.

 Metal frame partial dentures remain the" standard" for long-term

restorations.

 When grinding this prosthesis, proper ventilation, masks, and vacuum

systems should be used and the procedure is technique sensitive.

 Extreme caution is necessary when processing to avoid skin contact with

the heated sleeve, cartridge, furnace, heating bay, hot cartridge, injection
insert, piston head adapter, hot flasks, and heat lamps.

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 Conclusion
1. Acrylic-based resins are intensively used in dentistry practice as denture
base materials, liners, restorative or orthodontic appliances materials.
These substances are made by polymerization of methacrylate related
monomers.

2. Increasing concern arises regarding safe clinical application of these

materials due to methods and conditions of polymerization and their
biodegradation under the oral environment.

3. Concerning the methods and the conditions of polymerization, cytotoxic

effect of denture base acrylic resins may be related to powder to liquid
ratio, storage time, polymerization method, and cycle.

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4. Causes for biodegradation comprise several factors such as saliva
characteristics, mastication and oral microbes.

5. Consequences of polymerization process and materials

biodegradation refer mainly to the release of potential cytotoxic
compounds from the polymer network with different adverse effects
on oral health (irritation, inflammation, and an allergic response of
the oral cavity).

6. There is an opportunity for future research in different areas related

to the evaluation of acrylic based resins polymerization and
biodegradation. This will lead to a more concise definition of
biocompatibility issues related to these dental materials.

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References
 Phillip’s science of dental materials. Eleventh edition Anusavice

 Nedeljka Ivković, et al., The residual monomer in dental acrylic resin

and its adverse effects Contemporary Materials, IV (2013) 84-91.

 T. Kanie et al., Flexural properties and impact strength of denture base

polymer reinforced with woven glass fibers Dental Materials 16 (2000)
150–158.

 Wirz et al.,Light- Polymerized Materials for Custom Impression Trays

The International Journal of Prosthodontics 64 Volume 3, Number 1.
1990
 Kaira et al Flexible Denture for Partially Edentulous Arches - A Case
Report www.journalofdentofacialsciences.com 2012; 1(2): 39-42).

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References
 Tandon et al Denture base materials: From past to future ( Indian
Journal of Dental Sciences Vol .2, Issue 2 March 2010 .

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THANK YOU

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