in the name of

ALLAH
Most Kind, Most Merciful
 Beauty versus Aesthetics
• Beauty is variable.
• Aesthetics are unchangeable beauty.
• A set of principles concerned with the nature and
appreciation of beauty.
• The branch of philosophy which deals with questions
of beauty and artistic taste.
 Aesthetics
Approximately equal to a 1:1.61 ratio, the Golden
Ratio can be illustrated using a Golden Mean
Rectangle. This is a rectangle where, if you cut off
a square (side length equal to the shortest side of
the rectangle), the rectangle that's left will have
the same proportions as the original rectangle.
Fig1. Take a square. Fig 2. Divide this square vertically
in two parts. Fig 3. Draw the diagonal of one part. Using this
diagonal as radius draw a curve down to baseline. Complete the
rectangle as shown in diagram.
This is GOLDEN MEAN RECTANGLE
Throughout history, the ratio for length to
width of rectangles of 1.61803 39887 49894
84820 has been considered the most pleasing
to the eye. This ratio was named the golden
ratio by the Greeks.
Pacioli used drawings made by Leonardo da
Vinci that incorporated phi, and it is
possible that da Vinci was the first to call it
the "sectio aurea" (Latin for the "golden
section"). It wasn't until the 1800s that
American mathematician Mark Barr used
the Greek letter Φ (phi) to represent this
number.
 Ancient Egyptian Architecture
Ancient West Asiatic Architecture
Greek Architecture
Roman Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
Renaissance Architecture
 Indus Valley Civilisation
Chinese Civilisation
Islamic Architecture in Pakistan
and India
 Architectural character of an
area is determined by six factors
1.Geographical
2.Geological
3.Climatic
4.Religious
5.Social
6.Historical
Ancient Civilisations
rst we look at the Geographical factor, where Eg
is on world map and who are its neighbours.
Geological Factors
Mokattam Hills
Sycamore wood
Acacia wood
Religious factors
Mastabas
Initial shape of Pyramids
Bent Pyramid
Step Pyramid
True Pyramid

True Pyramid
Climatic factors
 In the coastal
region average annual temperatures
 range from a maximum of 37° C
(99° F) to a minimum of 14° C (57° F).
Wide variations of temperature
 occur in the deserts, ranging from a
maximum of 46° C (114° F), during
daylight hours, to a minimum of 6° C
(42° F) after sunset.
The ancient Egyptians thought
of Egypt as being divided into two
types of land, the 'black land' and
the 'red land'. The 'black land'
was the fertile land on the banks
of the Nile. The ancient
Egyptians used this land for
growing their crops.
• The 'red land' was the
barren desert that
protected Egypt on two sides.
Agriculture of Ancient Egyptians
Ancient Egyptians’ meat and poultry
Social factors
Hieroglyphics
Reflexology

Reflexology
What social classes made up
Egyptian society?
At the top of the social pyramid was
the pharaoh with the government
officials, nobles and priests below
him/her. The third tier consisted of the
scribes and soldiers with the
middle class in the fourth level.
Peasants were the fifth tier
of society with slaves making up the
lowest social class.
 1. Pharoah
2. Govt Officials, nobles, priests
3. Scribes and soldiers
4. Middle class
5. Peasants
6. Slaves
• What is the history of ancient
Egypt?
• The history of ancient Egypt spans the
period from the early prehistoric
settlements of the northern Nile valley
to the Roman conquest, in 30 BC. The
Pharaonic Period is dated from the
3200 BC, when Upper and
Lower Egypt were unified, until the
country fell under Macedonian rule, in
332 BC.
Dr. Shaukat Mahmood
MA. Fine Arts, Gold Medalist, Punjab University
MSc. Architectural Conservation, Heriot-Watt University
PhD, Islamic Architecture, Edinburgh University
Academic Roll of Honour, Govt. College, Lahore
Gold Medal for research in Islamic Calligraphy
President Medal for Pride of Performance 2001
Sitara-i Imtiaz 2010
HEC Professor & Coordinator Research & Ph.D. Programme
College of Art & Design, Punjab University, Lahore. 2010-20.