Introduction to

Set Theory
What is SETS?
• A set is a collection of objects that
have something in common or follow
a rule. The objects in the set are
called its elements. Set notation uses
curly braces, with elements
separated by commas.
Example:
Set A = { a, b, c, d, e }

Set B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }

Set C = { cat, dog, rabbit, bird }

 Methods of Writing Sets
1. Roster Method – listing of elements
Example: A = { a, b, c, d, e }

2. Set Builder Notation – describing the

elements.
Example: A = { xlx is one of the first five
letters of English Alphabet.
 Let’s Try! 
Write each given set in the Set-Builder Form:
1. A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
2. B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}
3. C = {January, June, July}
4. D = {a, e, i, o, u}
5. E = {Tuesday, Thursday}
 Let’s Try! 
Write each of the following sets in the Roster form:
1. The set of first seven natural numbers.
2. The set of whole numbers less than 5.
3. The set of five numbers each of which is divisible
by 3.
4. The set of whole numbers less than 20 and
divisible by 3.
5. The set of integers greater than -2 and less than
4.   
Exercise 1.1
Answer Page 9
Letter B
Number 1 - 7
WELL DEFINED
SETS
OR
NOT
Example:

1. Set of numbers

2. Set of numbers from 1 t 10

3. Set of colors

4. Set of colors in rainbow

TYPE
OF
SETS
 Universal Set
- the set containing all objects or
elements and of which all other sets are
subsets.
Example : Set A = { 1, 2, 3 }
Set B = { 3, 4, 5 }
Universal Set or U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
 Empty or Null Set
- the null set, also called the empty set, is
the set that does not contain anything. It is
symbolized or { }. ... In
axiomatic mathematics, zero is defined as
the cardinality of (that is, the number of
elements in) the null set.
 Equal sets
- Two sets A and B are said to be equal if
they contain the same elements. Every
element of A is an element of B and every
element of B is an element of A. 
Example: A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
- So that Set A and Set B are called
EQUAL SETS
 Equivalent Sets
-Two sets A and B are said to be equivalent
if their cardinal number is same, i.e., n(A) =
n(B). The symbol for denoting an equivalent
set is ‘↔’. 
Example: A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
B = { a, b, c, d, e }
- So that Set A and Set B are called
EQUIVALENT SETS
 Infinite Set
- The set whose elements cannot be
listed, i.e., set containing never-ending
elements is called an infinite set. 
Example: Set of integers
= { … -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … }
ellipsis
 Finite Set
- A set which contains a definite
number of elements is called a finite set.
Example : Set of colors of rainbow
= { red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo, violet }
 Activity No. 2

Give 2 examples of Type of Sets

OPERATIONS
OF
SETS
  Union of Sets
- The union of two sets A and B is the
set of elements which are in A, in B, or
in both A and B. 
Example: If A = {1, 3, 5, 7}
and B = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7}
then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
 Intersection of Sets
- The intersection of two sets A and B,
denoted by A ∩ B, is the set containing all
elements of A that also belong to B (or
equivalently, all elements of B that also
belong to A).
Example: If A = {1, 3, 5, 7}
and B = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7} then A ∩ B = { 1, 7 }
 Difference of two sets
- written as A - B is the set of all
elements of A that are not elements of
B.
Example: If A = {1, 3, 5, 7}
and B = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7}
then A – B = { 3, 5 }
Then B – A = { 2, 4, 6 }
 Complement of a Set
- The complement of a set, denoted
A', is the set of all elements in the given
universal set U that are not in A.
Example: Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
and A = {1, 3, 5}.
Then A' = {2, 4, 6}.