Ekt 241-1-Introduction

EKT 241/4:
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS
ELECTROMAGNETIC
THEORY
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
PREPARED BY: NORDIANA MOHAMAD SAAID

dianams@unimap.edu.my
Electromagnetic Applications
 Optical transmission
 Coaxial transmission line
 Antenna system
 High voltage transmission
2
Electrostatic vs. Magnetostatic
Electrostatic Magnetostatic
Fields arise from a Fields arise from the

potential difference or movement of charge
voltage gradient carriers, i.e flow of current
Volts per meter (V/m) Amperes per meter (A/m)
Fields exist anywhere Fields exist as soon as
as long as there was a current flows
potential difference
3
Timeline for Electromagnetics
in the Classical Era
 1785 Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (French)

demonstrates that the electrical force between
charges is proportional to the inverse of the
square of the distance between them.
4
 1835 Carl Friedrich Gauss (German) formulates

Gauss’s law relating the electric flux flowing
through an enclosed surface to the enclosed
electric charge.
5
 1873 James Clerk Maxwell (Scottish) publishes

his “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism” in
which he unites the discoveries of Coulomb,
Oersted, Ampere, Faraday and others into four
elegantly constructed mathematical equations,
now known as Maxwell’s Equations.
6
Units and Dimensions
 SI Units
 French name ‘Systeme Internationale’
 Based on six fundamental dimensions
7
Multiple & Sub-Multiple Prefixes
Example:
 4 x 10-12 F
becomes
4 pF
8
The Nature of Electromagnetism
Physical universe is governed by 4 forces:
1.nuclear force
2.weak-interaction force
3.electromagnetic force
4.gravitational force
9
The Electromagnetic Force
Analogy: The Gravitational Force
Gravitational force
Gm1m2
Fg 21  R̂ 12 (N)
R122
Where;
m2, m1 = masses
R12 = distance
G = gravitational constant
R̂ 12 = unit vector from 1 to 2
10
The Electric Fields
Coulomb’s law
~ q1q2
Fe 21  R 12 (N) (in free space)
4 0 R12
2
Where;
Fe21 = electrical force
q1,q2 = charges
R
~12 = distance between the two charges
R 12 = unit vector
ε0 = electrical permittivity of free space 11
The Electric Fields
Electric field intensity, E

due to q
~ q
ER (V/m) (in free space)
4 0 R 2
~
where R = radial unit vector
pointing away from charge
12
The Electric Fields
TWO important properties for electric charge:
1. Law of conservation of electric charge
2. Principle of linear superposition
13
The Electric Fields
Electric flux density, D
D  E (C/m ) 2
where E = electric field intensity

ε = electric permittivity of the material
14
The Magnetic Fields
 Velocity of light in free space, c

1
c  3 108 (m/s)
 0 0
where µ0 = magnetic permeability of free space

= 4π x 10-7 H/m
 Magnetic flux density, B

B  H
where H = magnetic field intensity 15
Permittivity
 Describes how an electric field affects and is
affected by a dielectric medium

 Ability of material to polarize in response to field
 Reduce the total electric field inside the material
 Permittivity of free space;
 Relative permittivity

r 
0 16
Permeability
 The degree of magnetization of a material
 Responds linearly to an applied magnetic field.

 The constant value μ0 is known as the
magnetic constant, i.e permeability of free
space;
 Relative permeability

r 
0 17
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Atmosphere Opaque Ionosphere Opaque

100%
0
X-rays
V
Medical diagnosis i
Gamma rays Ultraviolet s Infrared Radio Spectrum
Sterilization
i Heating,
Cancer therapy Communication, radar, radio and TV broadcasting,
b Night vision radio astronomy
l
e
1 fm 1 pm 1 nm 1 μm 1 mm 1m 1 km 1 Mm Wavelength (m)
10-15 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-6 10-3 1 103 106 108

Frequency (Hz)
1 EHz 1 PHz 1 THz 1 GHz 1 MHz 1 kHz 1 Hz
1023 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 1

18
Review of Complex Numbers
• A complex number z is written in the

rectangular form Z = x ± jy
• x is the real ( Re ) part of Z
• y is the imaginary ( Im ) part of Z
• Value of j = −1 .
• Hence, x =Re (z) , y =Im (z)
19
Forms of Complex Numbers
• Using Trigonometry, convert from rectangular

to polar form,
z  x  jy
 z cos   j z sin 
 z (cos   j sin  )
• Alternative polar form,
j
z  ze  z 
20
Forms of complex numbers
• Relations between rectangular and polar

representations of complex numbers.
21
Forms of complex numbers
Applying Euler’s identity
e  cos θ  j sin θ
jθ
thus z  z e j  z cos  j z sin 

which leads to the relations
x  z cos  , y  z sin  ,
z  
x 2  y2 ,   tan 1 ( y / x ) ,
22
Complex conjugate
• Complex conjugate, z*
• Opposite sign (+ or -) & with * superscript
(asterisk)
z*  ( x  jy )*  x  jy
• Product of complex number z with its complex

conjugate is always a real number;
z  z*  real number
23
Equality
two complex numbers z 1 and z 2 are given by
j1
z1  x1  jy1  z1 e
z 2  x 2  jy 2  z 2 e j2
hen z1 = z 2 if and only if x 1  x 2 and y1  y 2 or, equivalent, z1  z 2

nd 1   21 .
• z = z2 if and only if x1=x2 AND y1=y2
• Or equivalently, z1  z 2 AND 1   2
24
Addition & Subtraction
If two complex numbers z 1 and z 2 are given by
z 1  a  jb
z 2  x  jy
Hence
z 1  z 2  (a  x )  j ( b  y )
and
z 1  z 2  (a  x )  j ( b  y )
25
Multiplication in Rectangular Form
plex •numbers
Given z 1 and
two z 2 arenumbers
complex given byz and z ;
1 2
mbers z 1 and z 2 are given by
j1
z 1  x 1  jy 1  z 1je
z 1  x 1  jy 1  z 1 e 1
j 2
z 2  x 2  jy 2  z 2je
z 2  x 2  jy 2  z 2 e 2
• Multiplication gives;
z z 2  ( x 1  jy 1 )( x
z 1 z 2  ( x 1  jy 1 )( x 2  jy 2 )
1 2  jy 2 )
 ( x x (x1xy2 y y)1
1 2 1 2
y 2 )j ( xj (yx1y2 x xy2 y)1 )
1 2 2 1
26
Multiplication in Polar Form
• In polar form,
form
j1 j 2
z1z 2  z1 e  z2 e
j( 1   2 )
 z1 z 2 e
 z1 z 2  cos (1  2 )  j sin(1  2 )
27
Division in Polar Form
0 z0
z 2 •For
z1 x1  jy1
z2
 x 2  jy2
x1  jy1 x 2  jy2
 x 2  jy2  x 2  jy2
( x x x 2  y1y 2 )  j( x 2 y1  x1y 2 )
 x 22  y 22
28
Division in Rectangular Form
z1 e j1
z1
z2  z2 e j 2
z1 j(θ1  θ 2)
 z2
e

z1
z2
 cos (θ1 θ2 )  j sin (θ1  θ2 )
29
Powers
• integer
sitive For anyn,positive integer n,
n j n
z  (z e )
n j n n
 z e  z (cos n  j sin n )
• And,
1 1
j 2
z 2
 z 2
e
1

  z (cos
2
2
 j sin 2 )
30
Powers
Useful Relations:
j  j
• Useful relations 1  e  e  1 180 , 
j 2
je  1 90  ,
j 2  j 2
 j e e  1   90 
j 2 1
j 4  ( 1  j)
j  (e )   e 2
 ,
2
 j 4  ( 1  j)
 j e  ,
2
31

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EKT 241/4:

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

PREPARED BY: NORDIANA MOHAMAD SAAID

 Coaxial transmission line

 High voltage transmission

Fields arise from a Fields arise from the

 1785 Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (French)

 1835 Carl Friedrich Gauss (German) formulates

 1873 James Clerk Maxwell (Scottish) publishes

Physical universe is governed by 4 forces:

Electric field intensity, E

TWO important properties for electric charge:

1. Law of conservation of electric charge

2. Principle of linear superposition

Electric flux density, D

where E = electric field intensity

 Velocity of light in free space, c

where µ0 = magnetic permeability of free space

 Magnetic flux density, B

affected by a dielectric medium

 Responds linearly to an applied magnetic field.

Atmosphere Opaque Ionosphere Opaque

10-15 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-6 10-3 1 103 106 108

1023 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 1

• A complex number z is written in the

• Using Trigonometry, convert from rectangular

• Alternative polar form,

• Relations between rectangular and polar

Applying Euler’s identity

thus z  z e j  z cos  j z sin 

• Product of complex number z with its complex

hen z1 = z 2 if and only if x 1  x 2 and y1  y 2 or, equivalent, z1  z 2

If two complex numbers z 1 and z 2 are given by

 z1 z 2  cos (1  2 )  j sin(1  2 )

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