Me nde lia n

Genetics
Mendelian Traits (Pisum
sativum)
Mendelian Laws(Principles)
🞇*Law of Dominance

🞇Law of Segregation

🞇Law of Independent Assortment

*some books does not include

this
 Law of
Dominance*
🞇 “In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting
traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the
next
generation. Offspring that are hybrid for a trait
will have only the dominant trait in the
phenotype.”
Law of
While Mendel was crossing (reproducing) his pea plants (over &
Dominance*
🞇
over & over again), he noticed something interesting.
When he crossed pure tall plants with pure short plants, all
the new pea plants (referred to as the F1 generation) were
tall. Similarly, crossing pure yellow seeded pea plants and
pure green seeded pea plants produced an F1 generation
of all yellow seeded pea plants. The same was true for
traits
other pea
: Parent Pea Plants F1 Pea Plants
tall stem x short stem all tall stems
yellow seeds x green seeds all yellow seeds
green pea pods x yellow pea
all green pea pods
pods
round seeds x wrinkled
all round seeds
seeds
axial flowers x terminal
all axial flowers
flowers
 Law of
Dominance*
🞇 “There is a factor that makes pea plants tall,
and another factor that makes pea plants
short.
Furthermore, when the factors are mixed, the tall
factor seems to DOMINATE the short factor".
Law of
Dominance*
Now, in our modern wisdom, we use "allele" or "gene"
🞇

instead of what Mendel called "factors".

🞇 There is a gene in the DNA of pea plants that controls

plant height (makes them either tall or short). One form
of the gene (allele) codes for tall, and the other allele for
plant height codes for short.

🞇 For abbreviations, we use the capital "T" for the dominant

tall allele, and the lowercase "t" for the recessive short
allele.
Law of
Dominance*
Genotype Symbol Genotype Vocab Phenoty pe

homozygou s
DOMINANT
TT tall
or
pure tall

heterozygou s
Tt or tall
hybrid

homozygou s
tt short
RECESSIVE
or
pure short
Law of
Segregation
🞇 “During the formation of gametes (eggs

or sperm), the two alleles responsible for a

trait
separate from each other. Alleles for a trait
are then "recombined" at fertilization,
producing the
genotype for the traits of the offspring.”
 Law of
Segregation
Parent Pea Plants
Offspring
(Two Members of F1
(F2 Generation)
Generation)
G e notypes:
Phenotypes:7
G enotypes: Phenotypes: 25% TT
5% tall
Tt x Tt tall x tall 50% Tt
25% short
25% tt

Reminder!
Any time two parents have the same phenotype for a trait
but some of their offspring look different with respect to that
trait,
the parents must be hybrid for that trait.
Law of
Assortment
Independent

🞇 “Alleles for different traits are distributed to

sex cells (& offspring) independently of
one another.”
Law of
Assortment
Independent
🞇 Mendel noticed during all his work that the height of the
plant and the shape of the seeds and the color of the
pods had no impact on one another.

🞇 In other words, being tall didn't automatica lly

mean the plants had to have green pods, nor did
green pods have to be filled only with wrinkled seeds,
the different traits seem to be inherited
INDEPENDENTLY.
 Summary of all the
Laws
LAW PARENT C R O S S OFFS PRI NG
TT x tt 100% Tt
DOMINANCE tall x short tall
Tt x Tt 75% tall
S EG REGATI ON tall x tall 25% short

9/16 round seeds & green

pods
3/16 round seeds &
RrGg x RrGg
INDEPENDENT yellow pods
round & green x round &
ASSORTME NT 3/16 wrinkled
green seeds &
green pods
1/16 wrinkled
seeds &
yellow pods