THE GREAT

INTERNATIONAL
EXHIBITIONS
IT'S HISTORY
WHEN & WHERE IT STARTED??

ORIGINATED IN THE FRENCH TRADITIONS OF NATIONAL

EXHIBITIONS

THE FRENCH INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION OF 1844, HELD IN

TEMPORARY STRUCTURE ON  CHAMP-ELYSEES IN PARIS, WAS 1 IN
SERIES OF 11 FRENCH NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITIONS HELD
TO ENCORAGE IMPROVEMENTS IN PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE AND
TECHNOLOGY, THAT HAD THEIR ORIGIN IN 1798.
 
TRADITION THAT CULMINATED WITH THE FRENCH INDUSTRIAL
EXPOSITION OF 1844 IN PARIS
THIS WAS SOON FOLLOWED BY OTHER
NATIONAL EXHIBITIONS IN CONTINENTAL
EUROPE AND FINALLY CAME TO LONDON
WHERE THE FIRST REAL INTERNATIONAL
EXHIBITIONS WERE HELD

• BEGAN IN 2ND HALF OF 19TH CENTURY

THESE EXHIBITIONS CAME INTO BEING WHEN

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS UNDERGOING
ITS EXPANSION

THERE WAS A SHIFT FROM HAND WORK TO

MACHINE WORK
INDUSTRIALIZATION MADE IT POSSIBLE
ERA OF INDUSTRIALIZATION WAS BETWEEN 1800
– 1950

THESE EXHIBITIONS WHERE CONDUCTED TO

DISPLAY OF TECHNOLOGICAL INVENTION &
ADVANCEMENT

ACTED AS A PLATFORM WHERE STATES OF ART

FROM AROUND THE WORLD WERE BOUGHT
TOGETHER
SOME OF THE EXHIBITIONS ARE :-
GREAT EXHIBITION LONDON , 1851

UNIVERSAL EXHIBITIONS , PARIS 1855 (pg.24)

PARIS EXHIBITIONS , 1867

PARIS EXHIBITIONS , 1878

PARIS EXHIBITIONS ,1889

The Great Exhibition at the Crystal
Palace

LONDON 1851
In 1851 Great Britain was arguably the leader of
the industrial revolution

The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London was

conceived to symbolize this industrial, military
and economic superiority of Great Britain.

The Great Exhibition was held in Hyde Park in

London in the specially constructed Crystal
Palace.
The Crystal Palace was originally designed by Sir
Joseph Paxton in only 10 days and was a huge iron
goliath with over a million feet of glass.
.  It was a showcase for
manufacturers such as
Joseph Whitworth,
and was a great success,
attracting over 6 million
visitors and making a
profit of £187000 for the
nation.
all around the world were the Jacquard loom- an
envelope machine, tools, kitchen appliances,
steel-making displays and a reaping machine
from the United States

Display material came from all over the world

including India and the countries with recent
white settlements, such as Australia and New
Zealand, that constituted the new empire.
This "bigger and better" building was divided into
a series of courts depicting the history of art and
architecture
1. ancient Egypt through the Renaissance
2. as exhibits from industry and the natural world.

 Major concerts were held in the Palace's huge

arched Centre Transept

 The Centre Transept also housed a circus

National exhibitions were also staged within its
glass and iron walls,
-world's first aeronautical exhibition
-first national motor show,
- plus cat shows, dog shows, pigeon shows, honey,
flower and other shows.
contained a magnificent series of fountains,
comprising almost 12,000 individual jets.

The largest of these threw water to a height of

250ft.

Some 120,000 gallons of water flowed through the

system when it was in full play.

contained unrivaled collections of statues, many

of which were copies of great works from around
the world
After the Great Exhibition
closed, the Crystal Palace
was moved to Sydenham
Hill in South London

The new Crystal Palace

park at Sydenham was
opened by Queen
Victoria on June
10th, 1854.
Today it is sport with which the name of Crystal
Palace is most closely connected,

 Important sporting events were staged there

from the Palace's very early days.

The Crystal Palace was built at a time when

sporting activity was becoming more popular and
more formally organized.
Though Paxton's original design did not include
any accommodation for sports

 As early as 1857 an area in the lower park had

been designated as the cricket ground.
Numerous other sports, such as
polo, rugby, cycling, archery,
fishing, croquet, quoits, ice skating

 even roller hockey have taken

place at Crystal Palace over the last
140 years and continue to do so
today

the National Sports Centre being a

key element of the modern Crystal
Palace Park.
Paris exhibitions
Paris,1855
The Exposition
Universelle of 1855 was
an international
exhibition held on the
champs-elyees in Paris
from May 15 to
November 15, 1855.

Its full official title was

the Exposition Universelle
des produits de
l'Agriculture, de
l'Industrie et des Beaux-
Arts de Paris 1855.
It followed London's Great Exhibition of 1851 and
attempted to surpass that fair

The industrial and art exhibits shown on this occasion

were considered superior to those of all previous
exhibitions.

According to its official report, 5,162,330 visitors

attended the exposition, of which about 4.2 million
entered the industrial exposition
Expenses amounted to upward of $5,000,000, while
receipts were scarcely one-tenth of that amount.

The exposition covered 16 hectares (39 acres) with 34

countries participating.
Furnitures
displayed
The image of the interior is a lithograph, which is
approximately thirty-five inches by fifteen inches.

After London hosted the first international exposition

in 1851, Napoleon III realized that France needed to
seize back the initiative.

The motive given for the 1855 Paris exposition was to

celebrate forty years of peace in Europe since Waterloo
(Findling, pp. 16-17).
A hidden agenda, however, was the competition
among the major European nations, to establish their
industrial and artistic supremacy.

Napoleon III decided that France needed a spectacular

structure "based on the plan of the Crystal Palace of
London”.

Therefore, in 1852, France held a competition for a

Palace of Industry, a permanent exhibition structure
which would be located between the Seine River and
the Champs-esses.
The winners of this competition were the architect
Jean-Marie-Victor Viel and engineer Desjardin, whose
design was more traditional than most of the other
competitors, and who attempted to duplicate more
closely the Crystal Palace.

 Viel's architectural inspiration came from a few recent

buildings that combined the traditional use of
masonry with that of cast iron
The Palace of Industry measured 850 feet long and
350 feet wide.

The principal nave itself was 630 feet long, 158 feet
wide and connected on four sides by two story high,
ninety-eight foot wide aisles.

It contained semi-circular trusses which bridged an 80

foot span to create an enormous exhibition room.

This giant structure was located on a triangular plot of

land which was bordered on its sides by the Cours la
Reine
The Palace of Industry was a great feat of architecture.
It demonstrated the fusion of traditional Neo-
Renaissance architecture with modern materials and
served as the inspiration

Despite the success of the Palace of Industry, it did

nothing to promote the careers of either Viel or
Barrault. Regardless, the Palace of Industry was an
influential step in the integration of this revolutionary
material, iron, with traditional architecture.
Paris exhibition
Paris,1867
Why the exhibitions???????

In 1864, Emperor Napoleon III decreed that an

international exposition should be held in Paris in
1867. A commission was appointed with
Prince Jerome Napoleon as president, under whose
direction the preliminary work began
 SITE CHOSEN
The site chosen was the Champ de Mars, the great
military parade ground of Paris

 which covered an area of 119 acres and to which was

added the island of Billancourt, of 52 acres.

The principal building was rectangular in shape with

rounded ends, having a length of 1608 feet (490 m)
and a width of 1247 feet (380 m
and in the center was a pavilion surmounted by a
dome and surrounded by a garden, 545 feet (166 m)
long and 184 feet (56 m) wide, with a gallery built
completely around it.

 In addition to the main building, there were nearly

100 smaller buildings on the grounds.

A famous revival of the ballet Le Corsaire was staged

by the Ballet Master Joseph Mazilier in honor of the
exhibition at the Théâtre Impérial de l´Opéra on
October 21, 1867.
The exposition was formally opened on April 1, and
closed on October 31, 1867

visited by 9,238,967 persons, including exhibitors and

employees.

This exposition was the greatest up to its time of all

international expositions, both with respect to its
extent and to the scope of its plan.
Paris exhibitions
Paris, 1878
The third Paris World's Fair, called an Exposition
Universelle in French, was held from May 1 though
to November 10, 1878. It celebrated the recovery of
France after the 1870 Franco-Prussian War.

The buildings and the fairgrounds were somewhat

unfinished on opening day, as political complications
had prevented the French government from paying
much attention to the exhibition until six months
before it was due to open.

efforts made in April were succesfull and by June 1, a

month after the formal opening, the exhibition was
finally completed.
. It covered over 66 acres (267,000 m²); the main
building in the Champ de Mars occupying 54 acres
(219,000 m²). The French exhibits filled one-half of the
entire space

The United Kingdom, British India, Canada, Victoria,

New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia,
Cape Colony and some of the British crown colonies
occupied nearly one-third of the space set aside for
nations outside France
 Displays
The exhibition of fine arts and new machinery was on
a very large and comprehensive scale,
a street 730 metres in length, was devoted to examples
of the domestic architecture of nearly every country in
Europe and several in Asia, Africa and America.
The "Gallery of Machines" was an industrial showcase
of low transverse arches, designed by the engineer
Henri de Dion (1828–78).

Many of the buildings and statues were made of staff,

a low-cost temporary building material invented in
Paris in 1876, which consisted of jute fiber,
plaster of Paris, and cement.
Paris exhibition
Paris, 1889
When it started?????
The Exposition Universelle of 1889 was a
World's Fair held in Paris, France from May 6, to
October 31, 1889.

It was held during the year of the 100th anniversary of

the storming of the Bastille, an event traditionally
considered as the symbol for the beginning of the
French Revolution.
The fair included a reconstruction of the Bastille and
its surrounding neighborhood, but with the interior
courtyard covered with a blue ceiling decorated and
used as a ball room and gathering place.

The 1889 Exposition covered a total area of 0.96 km²,

including the Champ de Mars
The main symbol of the Fair was the Eiffel Tower
which was completed in 1889, and served as the
entrance arch to the Fair.

 The tower was constructed of puddled iron, a form of

purified wrought iron and was designed by Gustave
Eiffel

The 1889 fair was built on the Champ de Mars in Paris,

which had been the site of the earlier Paris Universal
Exhibition of 1867
Plan of the
exhibition
palace
showing
entrance
through the
effiel tower.
The Exhibition included a building by the Paris
architect Pierre-Henri Picq.

This was an elaborate iron and glass structure

decorated with ceramic tiles in a Byzantine-Egyptian-
Romanesque style.

After the Exposition the building was shipped to

Fort de France and reassembled there, the work being
completed by 1893.
Attraction of exhibitions……..
A "Negro village" where 400 indigenous people were
displayed constituted the major attraction.

, the Opéra Comique premiered on May 14, 1889, a

work especially composed for that event.

Buffalo Bill recruited American sharpshooter Annie

Oakley to rejoin his 'Wild West Show'
A central attraction in the French
section was the Imperial Diamond, at
the time the largest brilliant in the
world
Things which were displayed in
almost every exhibition
american
library
chair