What is microscope?

"Micro" means "small," and "scope" means "to gaze at."

Microscopes are devices that expand images of small things so
that they can be examined more closely. The compound light
microscope is a device with two magnifying lenses and a number
of knobs for resolving (focusing) the image. In addition to being
referred to as a light microscope, it is also known as a compound
microscope because it has many lenses.
• Demonstrate the proper procedures used in correctly using the compound light
microscope. ∙ Prepare and use a wet mount. 
• Determine the total magnification of the microscope. 
• Explain how to properly handle the microscope. 
• Describe changes in the field of view and available light when going from low to high
power using the compound light microscope 
• Explain why objects must be centered in the field of view before going from low to high
power using the compound light microscope. 
• Explain how to increase the amount of light when going from low to high power using the
compound light microscope. 
• Explain the proper procedure for focusing under low and high power using the
compound light microscope. 
The three basic, structural components of a compound
microscope are the head, base and arm.
• Head/Body houses the optical parts in the upper part of the
microscope.
• Base of the microscope supports the microscope and houses
the illuminator.
• Arm connects to the base and supports the microscope head.
Eyepiece or Ocular
The ocular lens, or eyepiece, magnifies the image. It contains a
measuring scale called and ocular micrometer. The ocular
micrometer has no units.

Body Tube
The body tube is a hollow tube through which light travels from
the objective to the ocular. It contains a prism at the base of the
tube that bends the light rays so they can enter the inclined
tube.
Fine Adjustment Knob
This knob is inside the coarse adjustment knob and is used to bring
the specimen into sharp focus under low power and is used for all
focusing when using high power lenses.

Nosepiece
Several objective lenses of varying magnification and numerical
aperture are mounted on the revolving nosepiece. The nosepiece
must click into place for the objective lens to be in proper
alignment.
High Power Objective
The high-powered objective lens (also called “high dry” lens) is ideal
for observing fine details within a specimen sample. The total magnification of a
high-power objective lens combined with a 10x eyepiece is equal to 400x
magnification, giving you a very detailed picture of the specimen in your slide

Low Power Objective

Low power objectives cover a wide field of view and they are
useful for examining large specimens or surveying many smaller
specimens. This objective is useful for aligning the microscope.
The power for the low objective is 10X.
Diaphragm
The base of the microscope contains the field diaphragm. This
controls the size of the illuminated field. The field diaphragm
control is located around the lens located in the base.

Mirror
The mirror is used to direct light from the light source to the
microscopic field. The mirror has two sides, one of which is a
plane or flat surface and is used with the sub-stage condenser.
 Base
The bottom of the microscope, used for support. Illuminator: A steady light
source (110 volts) used in place of a mirror. If your microscope has a mirror, it is
used to reflect light from an external light source up through the bottom of the
stage.

Coarse Adjustment
The coarse adjustment knob located on the arm of the microscope moves the stage up
and down to bring the specimen into focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment
produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the
knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4X
and 10X objectives) and never with the high power lenses (40X and 100X).
Arm

The arm of the microscope supports the body tube.

Stage Clip
Stage clips hold the slides in place. If your microscope has a
mechanical stage, the slide is controlled by turning two knobs
instead of having to move it manually. One knob moves the slide
left and right, the other moves it forward and backward.
Inclination joint
Where the microscope arm connects to the microscope base,
there may be a pin. If so, you can place one hand on the base
and with the other hand grab the arm and rotate it back. It
will tilt your microscope back for more comfortable viewing.
 After undergoing a procedure of manipulating the microscope, we
observe the relationship between what we see through the eyepiece
and what we see on the stage with the given figure.

Figure The image under the low power magnification placed in a normal

e reading position is letter ‘e’. It appears inverted as you observe it in

the eyepiece yet you can still recognize the whole image (letter “e”).

If you move the slide to the upper right area of the stage. The image
moves to the opposite direction, towards the left. If you move it to
the lower left side of the stage, the image moves to the opposite
Result direction, towards the right.
 If you re-center the slide and change the scope to high power. You will notice
the "e" is out of focus. DO NOT touch the coarse focus knob, instead use the
fine focus to resolve the picture. And this is the result of the image. As you
move the diaphragm towards you, the slide becomes more illuminated and if
you move the diaphragm away from you, the slide becomes darker

Total Magnification
Low Power Objective High Power Objective

Eyepiece magnification  = 10x Eyepiece magnification  = 10x

Objective magnification  = 4x Objective magnification  = 10x
Total Magnification  = 40x Total Magnification  = 100x
To figure the total magnification of an image
that you are viewing through the microscope is
really quite simple. To get the total
magnification take the power of the objective
(4X, 10X, 40x) and multiply by the power of
the eyepiece, usually 10X.
1. State TWO procedures that should be used to properly handle a light microscope.

Answer:

 When carrying the light microscope, handlers must put one hand on the base at all times, to avoid dropping it,
while the other hand should be on the arm. The microscope must never be carried upside down, since the ocular
will fall out. It should never be swung when it is carried.

2. Explain why the light microscope is also called the compound microscope. 

Answer:

 The light microscope. The common light microscope used in the laboratory is called a compound microscope because
it contains two types of lenses that function to magnify an object. The lens closest to the eye is called the ocular, while
the lens closest to the object is called the objective.
3. Images observed under the light microscope are reversed and inverted. Explain what this means.

Answer: The letter appears upside down and backwards because of two sets of mirrors in the microscope. This means
that the slide must be moved in the opposite direction that you want the image to move.
4. Explain why the specimen must be centered in the field of view on low power before going to high power.

Answer:

 The specimen must be centered in the field of view on low power before going to high power because on high power,
it is difficult to find the specimen. ... Describe the changes in the field of view and the amount of available light when
going from low to high power using the compound microscope.
5. A microscope has a 20 X ocular (eyepiece) and two objectives of 10 X and 43 X respectively.

a) Calculate the low power magnification of this microscope. Show your formula and all work.

Answer:

 Ocular x Objective = total magnification

20x10= 200x

b) Calculate the high power magnification of this microscope. Show your formula and all work.

Answer:

 Ocular x Objective = total magnification

20x43= 860x
6. In three steps using complete sentences, describe how to make a proper wet mount of the letter e. 

Answer:

 The first step would be to put the letter e on a slide. Then, put the coverslip over the e. Then put a drop of water
over the coverslip.

7. Describe the changes in the field of view and the amount of available light when going from low to high power using the
compound microscope. 

Answer:

 When going from low to high power using the compound microscope, the field of view and the amount of available
light changes. The field of view narrows down and gets smaller as the objectives uses higher power. Also, the
amount of available light decreases when going from low to high-power objectives.
8. Explain what the microscope user may have to do to combat the problems incurred in question # 7.

Answer:

 As being said to answer in the no.7 the light reduce when you shift to higher power and it can be a factor for the
image not be very clear or very visible. It’s because of the reduced or absence of light.

9. How does the procedure for using the microscope differ under high power as opposed to low power?

Answer:

 Stereomicroscopes are for observation with low magnification, while compound microscopes use high.
 PRESENTED BY:
Chrizza Ville Cayasan
Jennebeth Cañete
Marjorie Dagandal