DEFINING

CULTURE AND
SOCIETY FROM
THE PERSPECTIVE
OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
AND SOCIOLOGY
 SOCIETY AND CULTURE

SOCIETY CULTURE
NEITHER SOCIETY AND
– It represents the social
– It represents the
CULTURE COULD
beliefs, EXIST
structures and
organization of thepractices
WITHOUT THE OTHER.
and artifact of a
people who share those
beliefs and practices.
group.
 TYPES OF SOCIETY
1. Hunting and Gathering Societies
2. Pastoral Societies
3. Horticultural Societies
4. Agricultural Societies
5. Industrial Societies
6. Post-industrial Societies
 Hunting and Gathering
Societies
– Earliest form of societies.
– Small and generally with less than 50 members and
nomadic.
– Survive through hunting, trapping, fishing and
gathering edible plants.
– Members are mutually dependent.
– Division of labors.
– Hunting are for men while Gathering are for women.
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=DvKGRSovQNM
Pastoral Societies
– Rely on products obtained through
domestication and breeding.
– They are common in areas where crops
cannot be supported.
– They allow job specialization.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hp0UYJEaFd4
Horticultural Societies

– They rely on cultivation of fruits,

vegetables and plants to survive.
– They are forced to relocate when
land resources depleted.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvwg56IbWpY
Agricultural Societies

– They rely on the use of technology to

cultivate their crops.
– Productivity increases.
– Towns are formed and then cities
emerged.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dqx9MuZIC9o
Industrial Societies

– They uses advanced sources of energy to

run large machineries which led to
industrialization.
– Innovations in transportation.
– Occupational specialization became more
pronounced.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3A92FGy3vhg
Post-industrial Societies

– Economy is based on services and

technology.
– Economy is dependent on tangible
goods.
– People must pursue greater education.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVdtCtoP4w4
 ASPECTS OF CULTURE

–Classification of culture
–Elements of culture
–Characteristics of culture
 Classification of Culture
Visible/Tangible Culture
MATERIAL CULTURE food, art, dance, language,
traditions

Invisible/Non-tangible
NON-MATERIAL Culture
CULTURE Beliefs, values, worldview

Common Humanity
The way we all love, laugh,
https:// and cry and seek dignity and
www.youtube.com/watch?v meaning in our lives
=yreCA3wCZ_Y
 ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

Beliefs
Values
People
Language
Technology
Norms
 Norms
TYPES Proscriptive Defines and tells us things not to do.

Prescriptive Defines and tells us things to do.

FORMS Folkways Customs. Norms for everyday behavior.

Mores Strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior.

Taboos Norms that society holds strongly.

Laws Codified ethics, agreed and written down and enforced by

law.
CHARACTERISICS OF
CULTURE
1. Dynamic, Flexible and Adaptive.
2. Shared and may be challenged.
3. Learned through socialization and enculturation.
4. Patterned social interactions.
5. Integrated.
6. Transmitted through socialization/enculturation.
7. Requires language and other forms of communication.
Ethnocentrism/Xenocentrism and Cultural
Relativism as Orientations in Viewing other
Cultures

–Ethnocentrism
–Xenocentrism
–Cultural Relativism
Ethnocentrism

– The tendency to see and evaluate

other cultures in terms of one’s own
race, nation or culture.
– Superiority of one’s own culture
compared to others.
Xenocentrism

– People are highly influenced by the culture or

many culture outside the realm of their society.
– Is simple terms, people experience xenocentrism
when they see themselves inferior from and
others and they use this inferiority to improve
themselves.
Cultural Relativism

– A principle wherein an individual’s own beliefs

and activities should be understood and
respected by others.
– It highlights that no culture is superior rather all
culture are equal.
QUIZ