Nonstate Institutions: International

Organizations
Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you should be

able to:
*define international organizations,
*explain the functions of international
organizations, and
*discuss the significance of international
organizations in society.
You may be familiar with groups that
are actively existing across various
nations. Seemingly, there is a
headquarter in every country for such
groups.

*What are these groups?

*What are the reasons they are
situated across many countries?
Learn about it!
Organizations that have branches in
numerous countries are known as
international organizations. These
organizations play a prominent role in
facilitating global and international changes
and advocacies that demand the betterment
of a certain cause. In this lesson, you will
learn more about international
organizations and their contributions to
society.
What are International Organizations?
International Organizations are groups that
promote voluntary cooperation among its
members. These started out during the rise of
city-states in Greece, but significantly emerged
during the French Revolution. Further
improvements on the purpose and functions of
international organizations were laid out during
the early 19th century when nations decided
that such a group is needed to preserve the
status quo and avoid inter- and intra-state
conflicts.
At present, international organizations may or may
not be handled by the government. It was reported
that there are 6,000 non-government organizations
compared to only 250 under the government.

International bureaucracies manage International

Government Organizations (IGOs), but authority
remains ultimately in the state. IGOs work together
with non-government international organizations to
successfully reach a common goal. However, note that
in this lesson, international organizations are only
taken and discussed in the context of non-state or
non-government organizations.
What are International Organizations?
The following conditions should be met for one
group to be called an international organization:
*There must be membership from at least three
states or nations.
*Activities must occur across several states.
*Members must have formally agreed to be part of
the organization.
Apart from the abovementioned conditions,
international organizations must also follow the
rules set by the International Law Commission to
function legally as a recognized international
organization.
Examples of Non-
Government International
Organizations
*United Nations
Environment Program
*European Union
*World Health Organization
Functions of International Organizations

an acquaintance of information: International

organizations have the capability to access relevant
information for a specific cause. They also have the
capability to monitor trends and progresses of
longitudinal empirical researches.
provide service and aid: These organizations,
especially the bigger ones, provide various types of
services to people depending on the cause. For
example, an international organization tackling health
may provide free vaccines to a specific nation hit by a
dangerous epidemic.
provide avenues for communication: Being part of
an international organization means that members
from different parts of the world get to easily voice
out their concerns to one another. This may lead to
easier communication and work flow.
provide avenues for settling disputes: Because
international organizations’ members continuously
communicate with each other, disputes and
misunderstandings over certain issues and
concerns may easily be resolved. As such,
organizations provide opportunities for
communication through regular meetings and
updates.
Significance of International Organizations in
Society
International organizations establish a connection
to issues not only occurring in a certain nation, but
also across the organizations’ various locations.
Because of this, an international issue can be made
into a cause.
People of different societies and nations—not
limited to social class or status—are made part of a
global community that will aim to resolve, as one
unified group, identified international conflicts as
well as provide outcomes suitable to address
global issues being tackled.
Explore!
Long-existing international groups have
already made a name for themselves on the
world stage. With many issues and
challenges to tackle, each international
group had made a specific focus on their
cause, function, and existence.
If you were to put up your own international
group, which countries would you choose to
put it up? What cause will you advocate?
Try it!
Get a piece of paper and list down all
international groups that you are familiar
with. Take your time in doing so. Once
finished, search online a list of other
international organizations you may not be
familiar with.
What do you think?
How does an international organization
operate if it is situated in different
countries?
Tips
International organizations may vary in size—
dependent on the number of offices and
countries they partnered with. Some
organizations are big, with headquarters in
more than 100 countries.
International organizations, like development
agencies, may also put a focus on developed
countries. While most international
organizations’ agendas are focused more on
developing countries, the aim to target a rich
and well-developed country is also plausible.
Keypoints
International Organizations are groups that promote
voluntary cooperation among its members.
The following conditions should be met for one group to be
called an international organization: (1) there must be
membership from at least three states or nations, (2) activities
must occur across several states, and (3) members must have
formally agreed to be part of the organization.
Functions of international organizations include: an
acquaintance of information, provide service and aid, provide
avenues for communication, and provide avenues for settling
disputes.
International organizations establish a connection to
issues not only occurring in a certain nation but also across
the organizations’ various locations. Because of this, an
international issue can be made into a cause.
Education: Functions in Society
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

*define education as a fundamental human

right,
*explain the functions of education in society,
*evaluate the effect of education in one’s and
society’s growth and development, and
*help promote primary education as a human
right.
“Education is a right for developed
countries and a privilege for
developing countries.”

*Why is education a right?

*What makes education important?

Learn about it!
Education
Education is a fundamental human
need by which human existence of
striving and developing depends on.

*Education is a fundamental right.

*Education is a process of learning.
If put together, the equation would be:
Education + Right = A right to an
education.

When put into effect, education

helps people acquire knowledge,
skills, values, beliefs, and habits to
communicate better with himself or
herself, society, and the world.
Formal and Non-formal Education
Formal education happens inside a classroom and
facilitated by a professional teacher. It is a classroom-
based, structured, and sequentially graded system. It
includes primary, secondary, undergraduate, and
graduate schools.
Non-formal education is any learning experience or
training outside the organized formal system. This
type of teaching may include attending seminars,
workshops, and community-based sports program.
Unlike formal education which is based on concrete
structure or curriculum, non-formal education follows
less structured guidelines.
Functions of Education in Society
Education does not only serve an individual, but also the
society where one belongs. Formal or non-formal, it is an
avenue where people acquire the knowledge needed in
dealing with the demands of daily living.
Here, people learn religion, philosophy, law, grammar,
history, literature, arithmetic, music, arts, and sciences.
Through education, learners learn values desired to
survive and face challenges which happen on a regular
basis.
Skills are also taught in school. Students are exposed to
activities like singing, dancing, encoding, selling, and
other life skills. When all these are applied, people are led
to community-building.
Effects of Education in Society

Education contributes to the

economic progress and social
environment in a community or
society.
Self-actualization
Lifelong learning or education may lead a
learner in attaining self-actualization. Self-
actualization, in Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs, is considered as the highest level of
human need. It is becoming everything that one
is capable of. Self-actualization is manifested
when individuals experience real and
passionate joy and wonder. Following these
experiences of joy and wonder is people
becoming exposed to inspiration, power, or
transformation.
Productive Citizenry

Education helps society produce

informed, responsible, and capable
citizens. Productive citizens are those
who work and maximize their
potentials and skills. They are those
who contribute to the realization of
individuals and collective success.
Learn about it!

Primary Education as a Human Right

The right to education is a universal
prerogative to education. Everyone
has the right to education. Regardless
of your race, age, gender, ethnicity,
disability or status, you are entitled to
enjoy this fundamental human right.
International Legal Basis

*The right to education is on Article 26

of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights and Articles 13 and 14 of the
International Covenant on Economic,
Social, and Cultural Rights.
*The right to education has been reaffirmed in the
1960 UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in
Education, the 1981 Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the 2006
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities,
and the African Charter on Human and Peoples'
Rights.

*In Europe, Article 2 of the first Protocol of 20 March

1952 to the European Convention on Human Rights
states that the right to education is "recognized as a
human right and is understood to establish an
entitlement to education."
Learn about it!

Fulfillment or Implementation
The 21st century has been a witness to the
progress that global education underwent.
Presently, according to the UNESCO
Institute for Statistics, more than four out
five can read and write. Illiteracy, on the
other hand, translates to 757 million adults
and 115 million youth worldwide.
These trends of global and sustainable
education and decreasing illiteracy figures
are the result of growing calls and
programs for upholding education as a
fundamental human right. Despite the
aforementioned, poverty, inaccessibility,
and lack of political initiative remain on the
scene, and if left unresolved, might
suppress future improvements.
Explore!

Is attending class for five days in a

week essential in your life? Why or
why not?
Cite some daily experiences which
prove that education is important in
one’s life.
Try it!
Why is education important in
your life? Write at least five
reasons.
What do you think?
What is education’s biggest
contribution to society’s growth
and development?
Keypoints
Education is a basic human right. It helps man
acquire knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits
to communicate better with himself, the society, and
the world leading to progress and development.
Formal education is a classroom-based, structured
and sequentially graded system of education.
Non-formal education is any learning experience or
training outside the organized formal system.
Self-actualization is manifested when individuals
experience real and passionate joy and wonder.
The productive citizenry is achieved through
political, social, and economic development.
Religion and Belief Systems: Animism
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should
be able to:

*recognize animism as an essential

belief system, and
*recognize how animism is
expressed in other religions of the
world.
*What is animism?

*How did animism influence

the growth and development of
the major religions of the
world?
Animism and its Beliefs
Animism is the belief that all natural
entities have spirits or souls. It views all
things like animals, plants, and inanimate
objects as sacred life forms. In the ancient
times, people worshipped nature for
adoration, blessings, thanksgiving, and
protection. They prayed for sustained
abundant harvest, good health, good
fortune, and peace in their community.
Animism is an act of respect. In
animism, all things are to be
honored. Our human ancestors
displayed this through rites like
offering sacrifices, dancing, and
praying in dedication to spirits, souls,
nature, and even rivers, mountains,
the sun, moon, and stars.
Origin of Animism
Animism came from the Latin
word anima which means 'breath', 'spirit', and
'life.‘

It is widely believed that the inception of

animism can be traced back to the ancient
times before organized religions were formed.
Because of its primitive beginnings, animism is
regarded as the foundation of the spiritual life
of all cultures. Due to its unrecorded history, no
one is credited as its founder.
Early inhabitants of traditional hunting-
gathering, agricultural, or pastoral
territories were believed to have practiced
animism. To name a few, Indonesia, China,
Thailand, Philippines, and other Southeast
Asian territories were the cradles of
animism in the olden times. Before
Christianity, ancient Filipinos worshipped
spirits in nature to appease them and to
provide them with life-sustaining
resources.
Animism: Religion or Belief System?
Animism is not like any of the major
religions of the world. It has no
worship site or structure, unlike the
mosques of Muslims or church of the
Christians. It does not possess
scriptures like Qur’an of the Muslims or
Bible of the Christians. It cannot
provide us with statistics about how
much it is practiced now and then.
According to anthropologist E. B. Tylor,
animism is a theory of religion and is
not a type of religion. Some academics
argued that the use of this term to
pertain to the indigenous belief of
existence of spirits in inanimate objects
is no longer appropriate and necessary.
These reasons are why debates about
its nature exist.
Religion is an organized system of beliefs and
practices that explains the cause, nature, and
purpose of the universe. It involves societal
organization and moral code that governs
human affairs and order of existence. For every
religion, there is a belief system. Belief
systems are sets of principles that help interpret
natural and supernatural occurrences that
affect lives.
No religion exists without a belief system.
However, belief systems may exist with or
without religion or an organized entity.
Animism Today
Today, animism is not practiced in isolation
but expressed in many forms and observed
in both modern and traditional settings.
Manifested by their respect and worship
rites for natural elements, religions around
the globe clearly apply teachings of the
primitive religion. Hinduism, Jainism, and
Shintoism are some religions whose beliefs
and practices subscribes to that of
animism's.
Shintoism, the native religion of Japan,
worships the existence of natural objects
such as mountains, rivers, rocks, and trees.
Hinduism, which originated in India,
believes that the earth is an expression of
their gods and therefore must be
preserved and venerated.
Jainism, a traditional Indian religion,
observes non-violence towards all
creatures.
Explore!

What are your thoughts about

animism? Do you find it worth applying
in your life?
Try it!
Write four personal experiences or
situations wherein your actions
subscribed to the teachings of
animism.

What do you think?

How does respect for inanimate
objects help people build a moral
attitude?
Keypoints

Animism is the belief that all natural entities have

spirits or souls. It views all things, like animals, plants,
and inanimate objects, as sacred life forms.
Religion is an organized system of beliefs and practices
that explains the cause, nature, and purpose of the
universe. It involves societal organization and a moral
code that governs human affairs and order of existence.
A belief system is a set of principles that helps interpret
natural and supernatural occurrences that affect lives.
Shintoism is the native religion of Japan which worships
the existence of natural objects such as mountains,
rivers, rocks, and trees.
Hinduism is a religion that believes that the earth is
an expression of their gods and must therefore be
preserved and venerated.
Jainism is a traditional Indian religion known for
observing non-violence towards all creatures.
Animism is not practiced in isolation but expressed
in many forms and observed in both modern and
traditional settings.
Early inhabitants of Indonesia, China, Thailand, and
other rice-growing or agriculture-based territories
were believed to have practiced animism. People
worship nature for adoration, blessings,
thanksgiving, and protection.
Religion and Belief Systems: Monotheism
and Polytheism
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should
be able to:
*classify major religions of the
world as either monotheism or
polytheism, and
*discuss the differences between
monotheism and polytheism.
How does monotheism differ from
polytheism?

Which of the existing religions

belong to monotheism? Which
belong to polytheism?
Religion and Belief System

Religion is a set of beliefs and practices

that provides its followers with an
explanation or narration of how the
universe, nature, and existence works.
Every existing organized religion has its
unique belief system. Belief systems are
sets of principles that help interpret natural
and supernatural occurrences that affect
lives.
Theism
Theism is a category of religion that means 'the belief
in the existence of a god, goddesses, or deities.' It
comes from the Greek word theos, which means
'god.' Theism is one of the principles that binds the
belief system of religions of the world. In religion,
these deities and gods are supernatural beings who
are believed to be sacred or divine creators, rulers of
the universe, and sources of ethical authority.
Under theism, a religion may be a form of
monotheism or polytheism. In a polytheistic religion,
gods and goddesses are usually referred to as
"deities" as opposed to the usual term of "creator" or
"supreme being" of monotheistic religions.
Learn about it!

Monotheism

Monotheism is the belief that there is only

one god to be worshiped as the supreme
being. The word 'monotheism' was derived
from the Greek word monos, which means
'one', and theos which means 'god.'
The beginning of monotheistic religions can be
traced back to ancient Egypt during the rule of
Pharaoh Akhenaton who propagated the belief
in one god. The denial of existence of other
religions' gods is a feature of monotheism.

Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are organized

religions known to be a form of monotheism.
Considered as the world’s largest religion with
2.4 billion followers, Christianity is based upon
the teachings of Jesus Christ who is believed to
be the Son of God and Savior of Humanity.
Judaism is a religion that started in West Asia
and founded by Moses. Its beginning, though,
can be traced back to the time of Abraham.
Jews believed in the existence of only one god
with whom they have a covenant.

Islam, just like Judaism and Christianity, is an

Abrahamic and monotheistic religion that
follows the teachings of Qur’an, their sacred
text, revealed by Allah to their prophet
Mohammad. It is the world’s second largest
religion with 1.6 billion followers worldwide.
Polytheism
Polytheism is the worship of many gods.
The word 'polytheism' was derived from
the Greek word poly, which means 'many,'
and theos which means 'god.'
Polytheism has always been equated with
pluralism as it engages and promotes
acceptance, diversity, and tolerance of
differences. Polytheistic religions are
known to embrace the existence of the
gods of other religions.
Hinduism 
is the best modern example of a
form of polytheism, having known
to worship over 300 million gods.
Started in India 400 years ago, it is
the world’s oldest existing religion.
Explore!

Try to make observations on the beliefs

and practices of monotheistic and
polytheistic religions that exist in various
countries, including ours. You may also
check video resources available online.
Analyze your observations to have a
deeper understanding of monotheism and
polytheism.
Try it!
Think of essential things you can learn from
being a follower of monotheism or polytheism.
Write at least three (3) on the table.
What do you think?

*How does monotheism or

polytheism affect the society where
it is being practiced?
*In your opinion, is the number of
gods one worships a measure of
one’s faith?
Keypoints

Religion is a set of beliefs and practices that provides its followers

with an explanation or narration of how the universe, nature, and
existence works.
Belief systems are set of principles that help interpret natural and
supernatural occurrences that affect lives.
Theism is the belief in the existence of a god or gods. Theism is a
category of religion, and under it are monotheism and polytheism.
Deities and gods are supernatural beings who are believed to be
sacred, divine creators and rulers of the universe, and sources of
ethical authority.
Monotheism is the belief that there is only one god to be
worshiped as the supreme being. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism
are examples of monotheistic religions.
Polytheism is worshipping more than one god. Hinduism and
Shinto are examples of polytheistic religions.
Religion and Belief Systems: Institutionalized
Religions
Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you should be

able to:
*define and explain institutionalized
religion as part of the belief system,
*describe the similarities and differences
among organized religions in the
Philippines, and
*analyze the roles an institutionalized
religion plays in an individual and society.
In the Philippines, children are taught
by their parents on what religion to
write down in any school form. They
will often continue to declare their
given religion until they fully
understand their beliefs.

What does the given scenario imply?

Learn about it!

Religion and Belief Systems

Let us take the general and

straightforward meaning of
religion and belief system.
Religion

*It originated from the Latin word religo which

means 'ritual' or 'good faith' and from the
Greek word threskeia which means 'to tie fast
or bind together.‘

*It focuses on the creator-creature relationship

or connection. It revolves around the thought
of how the creator relates to his creation,
especially humanity, and how humanity ought
to relate to the creator.
Belief System

*It is an ideology or set of principles that helps

people to interpret everyday reality. This
ideology could be in the form of religion,
philosophy, political affiliation, or spirituality,
among many others.
*It defines people's personal sense of "reality."
Every person has a belief system that he or she
utilizes, and it is through this mechanism that
he or she individually "makes sense" of the
world.
Religion is limitless and open. It is
something that exists as time exists
but, when changed or tampered with
or separated and ripped in different
directions, becomes
an institutionalized religion.
Institutionalized Religion

*It is formed by a sect, meaning, it is

closed but not limitless.
*It is also known as organized religion,
a social institution established to
express people's belief in a divine
power. Its beliefs, practices, and rules
are formally organized and codified.
Determined by their number of
followers and believers, the
Philippines' leading institutionalized
religions are Roman Catholicism,
Protestantism, Islam, and Buddhism.

Each organized religion has its unique

belief system.
Buddhism
Buddhists believe that all beings suffer,
desire causes suffering, desires can be
overcome, and that enlightenment or
ultimate reality may be achieved.

Islam
Muslims believe that there is only one
god, Allah, and one prophet,
Muhammad.
Roman Catholicism
Roman Catholics believe that both the
Bible and sacred Roman Catholic tradition,
such as belief in the purgatory, prayers to
saints, and worship of Mary are necessary.

Protestantism
Protestants believe in the sufficiency and
authority of the Scripture for salvation.
Religious Rituals and Practices

What are some of the rituals and

practices of different
institutionalized religions?
Protestantism
Protestant churches' necessary rites are the
sacraments of baptism and the Lord's supper.
The worship of images and statues is prohibited.
Roman Catholicism
The Catholic church has many rituals and
practices like the holy mass, baptism,
confession, receiving communion, praying the
rosary, and anointing of the sick. The Mass is
the most important ritual among Catholics
because it seen as a celebration of God's grace.
Islam
Islam's practices include daily confession of faith
through prayers five times a day, almsgiving,
fasting on Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca at
least once in their lifetime.
Buddhism
Buddhism rituals and practices include meditation,
eating vegetarian meals, going for refuge, offering
homage or respect to the Buddha, making
offerings, confession of faults, calling on spiritual
forces for support or protection, and a dedication
of merit.
The Roles of Institutionalized Religions in Society

Institutionalized religions aim to provide people

with answers to their questions about life, nature,
or existence. These social institutions gather
people to have a common system of symbols,
beliefs, values, and practices. Organized religion is
more than just mere beliefs and practices. It is a
socialization agent who helps a group to form a
particular identity of their own and gives people
sense of belongingness. Religions make people
intact out of their similarities.
Religions may have differences in
beliefs and practices, but they sure
do share the same goals of uniting
people, and understanding
existence.
Explore!
Many grown adults consistently institutionalize a
particular religion despite being agnostics or
atheists. They consider themselves part of that
religion simply because their parents are, or because
they are baptized into it. This is what happens when
religion has become established in society. Even
when the fundamental beliefs in the religion have
faded, its numbers remain high as a result of
people's habitual form-filling behaviors.

What are your thoughts on these?

Try it!
Ask a friend whose religion is different from
yours to invite you in to their religious service.
After attending, compare and contrast the
beliefs and practices of your religion and your
friend's. List down at least three differences and
similarities.

What do you think?

What do people get from being a part of a
particular religion? Why does it matter in
people's lives?
Key Points
Religion focuses on the creator-creature
relationship or connection.
A belief system is an ideology or set of
principles that helps people to interpret their
everyday reality. This ideology could be in the
form of religion, philosophy, political affiliation,
or spirituality.
An institutionalized religion is a social
institution established to express people's belief
in a divine power wherein beliefs, practices, and
rules are formally organized and codified.
Religion and Belief Systems: Separation of
Church and State
Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you should be

able to:
*explain the concept of the separation
of Church and State, and
*identify the manifestations of the
separation of Church and State.
*How did the concept of the
separation of Church and State come
about?

*What are the manifestations of the

separation of Church and State?
The Separation of Church and State

The church is a social institution composed

of a group of people formed for religious
purposes. The state, on the other hand, is a
community occupying a certain territory
occupied by a population of common origin
that has its own government which is free
from foreign control.
The separation of church and state means
freedom from each other. This principle draws
a line between these two institutions. The
state has a freedom to conduct activities,
enact laws, or enforce rules and regulations
without the church interfering. On the other
hand, the church can implement its
ecclesiastical affairs without the influence of
the state. in other words, the government
cannot support a religion, endorse religious
beliefs, or involve people to practice a specific
faith.
Historical Background
In ancient history, leaders of early societies are deemed
to have some form of divinity that legitimized their rule.
During this period, religion and state seems to be
intertwined.
Later on, as religion and government became separate
institutions (based on the history of Europe and the
Roman Catholic religion), frequent struggles of power
between the two could be seen, especially during the
medieval period. It was during the period of Reformation
and Enlightenment that the modern concept of
separation of church and state began to take shape.
Enlightenment philosophers such as Locke, Montesquieu,
and Voltaire tackled this concept and made numerous
writings about religion and government.
The Age of Enlightenment is said to be influential to
the drafting of the Constitution of the United States.
The exact term “separation of church and state” was
used by Thomas Jefferson in 1802 in a letter
addressed to the Baptists as he tried to explain to
them the First Amendment of the United States
Constitution about the freedom to exercise religion
without the interference of the government.
In laying the foundation of a strong state, to avoid
division in the society caused by differences in
religious beliefs, and to prevent the establishment of
a national church, United States forefathers
considered the separation of the two societal
institutions.
The Separation of Church and State Today

When it comes to the talk of the separation of

church and state, the world is divided.
Following the principle that the government
should not, in any way, form interaction with a
church, countries which adhere to the concept
include the United States, Australia, India, and
South Korea. It is noteworthy that these
countries practice the separation of church and
state differently or in varying degrees of
separation.
As opposed to the concept, certain countries
like Spain and Islamic states declare official
religion. Spain is officially a Roman Catholic
state just like the Vatican, Monaco, and
Malta. Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Libya, Pakistan
declared Islam as a state religion. Teaching
and practicing ideas contrary to the national
religion is considered illegal in some
countries. Such act can be seen as an anti-
government behavior and may be a basis for
one’s imprisonment or death.
The Separation of Church and State in the
Philippines

In Article 2, Section 6 of the 1987 Philippine

Constitution, the fundamental law of the land, it
is stated that the separation of Church and State
shall be inviolable. In the Constitution, the word
“Church” refers to all kinds of faith and the
word “State” refers to our country, the
Philippines. What does it mean to the country
and to the Filipinos? See diagram below.
Issues Regarding the Separation of Church and State

According to some, the existence of the concept of the

separation of Church and State is a myth. Questions still
linger and remain unanswered. Is it not true that the
United States was founded as a Christian nation? Is it not
true that Philippine politics influence by how religious
groups operate? Does this concept discriminate the
religious minorities?

Despite the existence of a wall that divides these

institutions, it is important to keep in mind that this wall
is not hostile or discriminatory, at least in most countries.
They are just there to define limitations and set up order
Explore!

Cite events or instances wherein the

principle of separation of church and
state is upheld or violated. What good
does this principle bring to society?
Try it!
Are you for or against the separation of
church and state? Cite your arguments.
What do you think?

What kind of society will we have if the

separation of church and state is not
safeguarded by the 1987 Philippine
Constitution?
Keypoints
*The church is a social institution composed of a
group of people formed for religious purposes.
*The state is a community occupying a certain
population of common origin that has its own
government which is free of foreign control.
*The constitution is the fundamental law of the land.
*The separation of church and state is a principle
based on the idea that the state has freedom to
conduct activities, enact laws, or enforce rules and
regulations without the Church interfering. On the
other hand, the church can implement its
ecclesiastical affairs without the influence of the state.