UNIT - 2

STATIC SHUNT COMPENSATORS :

SVC & STATCOM
CONTENTS :

* Objectives of Shunt Compensation

* Methods of controllable Var Generation
* SVC and STATCOM Comparison
* Objectives of phase angle Regulators
* Switching Converter based phase angle regulators
OBJECTIVES OF SHUNT COMPENSATION :

* It is proved that steady state transmittable P can

be and the V profile along the line controlled by
appropriate reactive shunt compensation.

* The purpose of this reactive compensation is to

change the natural electrical characteristics of the
txion line to make it more compatible with the
prevailing load demand.
* Thus shunt connected, fixed or mechanically switched
reactors are applied to line over V under light load
conditions, and shunt connected, fixed or mechanically
switched capacitors are applied to maintain V levels under
heavy load conditions.

* The ultimate objective of applying reactive shunt

compensation in a txion system is to the transmittable P.
This may be required to improved the steady state txion
characteristics as well as the stability of the system.
* VAR compensation is thus used for V regulation at the
midpoint (or some intermediate) to segment the txion line
& at the end of the(radial) line to prevent V instability, as
well as for dynamic V ctrl to transient stability and
damp power oscillations.
MIDPOINT VOLTAGE REGULATION FOR LINE
SEGMENTATION :

* Consider the simple two-machine (two bus) txion model in

which an ideal VAR compensator is shunt connected at the
midpoint of the txion line as shown in fig 1.

* For simplicity, the line is represented by the series line

inductance. The compensator is represented by a sinusoidal
ac V source(of the fundamental frequency) in-phase with the
mid point voltage Vm, and with an amplitude identical to that
of the sending and receiving end voltages (Vm=Vs=Vr=V).
* The midpoint compensator in effect segments the txion
line into two independent parts:

* In the first segment, with an Z of X/2, carries power

from the sending end to the mid point, and the second
segment, also with an Z of X/2 carries P from the midpoint
to the receiving end.

* The relationship between voltages, Vs, Vr, Vm (together

with Vsm, Vrm) and line segment currents Ism and Imr is
shown by the phasor diagram in fig 2.
* Vsm = Vmr = V cos
Equ
1
* Ism = Imr = I = sin

* P = Vsm Ism = Vmr Imr

Equ
= Vm Ism cos = V I cos 2
 Equ
* P = 2 sin
3

* Q = V I sin

Equ
= 1 – cos
4
* The relationship between P, Q and angle ∂ for the
case of ideal shunt compensation is shown plotted if
fig.3.

* It can be observed that the midpoint shunt

compensation can significantly the transmittable
power (doubling its maximum value).

* It is evident that the midpoint of the txion line is the

best location for the compensator. This is because the V
sag along the uncompensated txion line is the largest at
the midpoint.
* The concept of txion line segmentation can be expanded
by the use of multiple compensators. Located at equal
segments of the txion line as illustrated for four line
segments in fig. 4.

* Further more with the of the number of segments,

the V variation along the line would rapidly ,
approaching the ideal case of constant V profile.