THERMODYNAMICS

WHAT IS IT?
What is Thermodynamics?

• Thermodynamics is a branch of physics dealing with the

interactions of heat and other sources of energy.

• It explains how thermal energy is transformed into and out of

other types of energy, as well as how it affects matter.

• Energy transformations that mostly involve heat.

 The Laws of Thermodynamics

1) The first law, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy

- Energy cannot be produced or destroyed in an isolated system, but can only be
transformed from one form to another.

2) The entropy of any isolated system always increases, according to the second law
of thermodynamics.

Entropy - A thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's

thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree
of disorder or randomness in the system.  
- A measurable physical property that is most commonly associated with a state of
disorder, randomness, or uncertainty.
3) The third law of thermodynamics states that, as the temperature
approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a constant
value.
 System, Surroundings & Boundary

• To avoid misunderstanding, scientists talk about thermodynamic principles in

terms of a system and its surroundings. The system's surroundings are made up
of everything that isn't a part of it.

• A boundary separates the system from the environment. If the system is one
mole of gas in a container, the boundary is simply the container's inner wall.
Anything outside of the boundary, including the container itself, is called the
surroundings.
• The boundary must be clearly defined in order to determine whether a
certain part of the world is part of the scheme or not. The system is
said to be closed if matter cannot move across the boundary;
otherwise, it is said to be open.

• Although the system is closed, in which case neither matter nor energy
can move through the boundary, a closed system can still exchange
energy with its surroundings.

• Internal Energy – The heat inside the system.

Types of System

• Isolated system
- Mass or energy cannot cross the boundary.

Approximate example:
A coffee in a (Hydroflask)
Closed, well-insulated
thermos container.
• Closed system
- only energy can cross the boundary.

Example:
A hot coffee in a
tightly-capped cup or bottle.
• Open system
- Both mass and energy can cross the boundary.

Example:
An open cup of coffee.
A way of expressing the first law of thermodynamics is that any change in the
internal energy (∆U) of a system is given by the sum of the heat (q) that flows
across its boundaries and the work (w) done on the system by the
surroundings

• ∆U = Q – W (Exothermic)
∆U is Change in Internal Energy
Q is Heat
W is Work Done by the system
Exothermic

• Exothermic process (exo-: "outside") is a concept used in

thermodynamics to describe a process or reaction that releases
energy from a system to its surroundings.
Review

• You can restudy by yourselves using this link:

First Law of Thermodynamics:
Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyOYW07-L5g
 Temperature:
Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin
Temperature vs. Heat

With your neighbor, try to distinguish between temperature and

heat.
(Qualitatively and Quantitatively)
Thermal Energy (Heat) & Temperature

• How would you describe the temperature of a steaming cup of

coffee?

• If you said it is “hot” do you mean:

A) It has high temperature
Or
B) It has a large amount of thermal energy?
• Let’s think about Temperature and Thermal Energy and see if there is a difference.
Temperature

• Operational Definition: Defined in terms of how a property is

measured.
-Thermometers have a liquid that when placed in contact with another
body either expands or contracts.

-To be useful, a thermometer needs a scale with major and minor

delineations
Fahreitheit

1724, he determined his scale by reference to three fixed points of 

temperature. The lowest temperature was achieved by preparing a 
frigorific mixture of ice, water, and a salt ("ammonium chloride or
even sea salt"), and waiting for the eutectic system to reach 
equilibrium temperature
 
Conversion
TF ( TC )+32
Celsius

• 1742 Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius used a mercury

thermometer and defined his scale in terms of critical points of
pure water.

Advantages:
-Reproducible
CONVERSION
-Scale of 10  
Disadvantages: TC (TF - 32°)
-Arbitrary zero value
-Negative numbers
Kelvin

• 1848, British scientist, William Thomson Lord Kelvin developed a

scale that relies on the average kinetic energy of atoms.

Advantages:
-Absolute scale
-Empirical
-No Negatives
-Still a scale of 10
CONVERSION
TK = TC + 273
Temperature

• Roughly speaking, temperature is a comparative measure of hot

and cold

• Kelvin is based on measuring the average kinetic energy of atoms

in a sample…
Thermal Energy

• The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the

atoms/molecules in a body. Thermal Energy is also referred to as
INTERNAL Energy.
Temperature vs. Heat

• Temperature in the basic sense, is a measurement of hot and cold.

• Specifically, temperature gives us a measure of the average

kinetic energy of particles in a sample

• Heat represents the total kinetic energy of particles in a sample

 Temperature
Peak emittance wavelength[65]
Kelvin Degrees Celsius of black-body radiation
Absolute zero
0 K −273.15 °C cannot be defined
(precisely by definition)
Coldest temperature
100 pK −273.149999999900 °C 29,000 km
achieved[66]
Coldest Bose–Einstein
450 pK −273.14999999955 °C 6,400 km
condensate[67]
One millikelvin 2.89777 m
0.001 K −273.149 °C
(precisely by definition) (radio, FM band)[68]
Water's triple point 10,608.3 nm
273.16 K 0.01 °C
(precisely by definition) (long wavelength I.R.)
7,766.03 nm
Water's boiling point[A] 373.1339 K 99.9839 °C
(mid wavelength I.R.)
1,160 nm
Incandescent lamp[B] 2500 K ≈2,200 °C
(near infrared)[C]
501.5 nm
Sun's visible surface[D][69] 5,778 K 5,505 °C
(green-blue light)
Lightning bolt's 100 nm
28 kK 28,000 °C
channel[E] (far ultraviolet light)
Sun's core[E] 16 MK 16 million °C 0.18 nm (X-rays)
Thermonuclear weapon 8.3×10−3 nm
350 MK 350 million °C
(peak temperature)[E][70] (gamma rays)
Sandia National Labs' 1.4×10−3 nm
2 GK 2 billion °C
Z machine[E][71] (gamma rays)[F]
Core of a high-massstar on its last day[E] 1×10−3 nm
3 GK 3 billion °C
[72]
(gamma rays)
8×10−6 nm
Merging binary neutronstar system[E][73] 350 GK 350 billion °C
(gamma rays)
3×10−6 nm
Relativistic HeavyIon Collider[E][74] 1 TK 1 trillion °C
(gamma rays)
CERN's proton vs 3×10−7 nm
10 TK 10 trillion °C
nucleus collisions[E][75] (gamma rays)
Universe 5.391×10−44 s 1.616×10−27 nm
1.417×1032 K 1.417×1032 °C
after the Big Bang[E] (Planck Length)[76]
Physical Properties that Depend on
Temperature
Temperature Scales

• Fahrenheit (oF)
*Introduced in 1724
*Defined by 2 fixed points based on the properties of water (32- freezing pt/212-boiling point)
*First modern thermometer (Hg)
• Celsius (oC)
*Introduced 18 years later (1742)
*Defined by setting boiling point of water to 0 o and
boiling point to 100o
*Absolute zero in Celsius is -273.15o
• Kelvin
*Introduced 1848
*Zero point set to Absolute Zero
Converting Between Scales
Celsius and Fahrenheit

C = 5/9(oF – 32)
o

o
F= 9/5o + 32
Converting Between Scales
Celsius and Kelvin

K= oC + 273
Practice

• Convert 32oF into Celsius (Proof of Concept)

Practice

• Convert 32oC into K

Practice

• Convert 580oF into K