TEMPERATURE

and
HEAT
Common Temperature Scales
One point was chosen to
be the temperature at
which water boils under
one atmosphere of
pressure (the “steam
point”)

One point was chosen to

be the temperature at
which ice melts under
one atmosphere of
pressure (the “ice point”)
 Kelvin Temperature Scale
• It was introduced by the Scottish physicist
William Thompson (Lord Kelvin, 1824–
1907), and in his honor each degree on the
scale is called a kelvin (K).
• By international agreement, the symbol K is
not written with a degree sign (°), nor is the
word “degrees” used when quoting
temperatures.
• The kelvin is the SI base unit for temperature.
Kelvin Temperature Scale
• The size of one kelvin is
identical to that of one
Celsius degree because there
are one hundred divisions
between the ice and steam
points on both scales.
• There exists a lowest possible
temperature, below which no
substance can be cooled. ---
this lowest temperature is
defined to be the zero point
on the Kelvin scale and is
referred to as absolute zero.
Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer

A constant-volume
gas thermometer
consists of a gas-
filled bulb to which
a pressure gauge is
attached.
Pressure-versus-Temperature Graph
• The phrase “absolute
zero” means that
temperatures lower
than −273.15 °C
cannot be reached by
continually cooling a
gas or any other
substance.
• The Kelvin scale is
chosen so that its zero
temperature point is
the lowest temperature
attainable.
•  
Relationship of the four temperature scales:
Celsius Fahrenheit Rankine Kelvin
Boiling Point of Water 100 212 671.67 373.15
Absolute Zero – 273.15 – 459.67 0 0

Temperature Scale Conversion:

Temperature Change:
Example 1:
Convert 100°F to °C.
Example 2:
Convert –20 °C to °F.
Example 3:
A personal computer is designed to operate over
the temperature range from 20°F to 130°F . What
do these temp. corresponds on the Kelvin Scale?
Example 4:
A comfortable temperature for most people is
around 24°C. What is this temperature on the (a)
Fahrenheit scale and (b) Kelvin Scale?
 Linear Thermal Expansion
• Normal Solids
Linear Expansion – the increase in any one
dimension of a solid (linear in the sense that
the expansion occurs along a line).
 Linear Thermal Expansion
• The
  length of L0 of an object changes by an
amount ΔL when its temperature changes
by amount ΔT:

where: α is the coefficient of Linear expansion

Coefficients of Thermal Expansion for Solids
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (C°)-1
Substance
Linear (α) Volume (β)

Aluminum
Brass
Concrete
Copper
Glass (common)
Glass (Pyrex)
Gold
Iron or Steel
Lead
Nickel
Quartz (fused)
Silver
Coefficients of Thermal Expansion for Liquids

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (C°)-1

Substance
Linear (α) Volume (β)

Benzene ----
Carbon tetrachloride ----
Ethyl Alcohol ----
Gasoline ----
Mercury ----
Methyl alcohol ----
Water ----
 Volume Thermal Expansion
• The
  volume of V0 of an object changes by an
amount ΔV when its temperature changes by
amount ΔT:

where: β is the coefficient of Volume Expansion

• β for liquids are substantially larger than
those for solids because liquids typically
expand more than solids
A steel is 40 cm long at 20
degrees. What is the increase in
length and the final length when
it is at 70 degrees?
Seatwork
1. A fries at 25°C is heated to 185°C.
What is the change in its temperature in
(a) C°, (b) F°, and (c) kelvins?
2. At what temperature will the
reading on the Fahrenheit scale be
numerically equal to that on the Celsius
scale?
 3. A copper kettle contains water at 24°C.
When the water is heated to its boiling point,
the volume of the kettle expands by 2.2 x 10-5
m3. Determine the volume of the kettle at 24°C.