vè;k; :2.

lapkj ds fofHkUu izdkj

(Different Types of Communication)
 (I) Based on relationship:
(A) Formal com. or Through Proper Channel
Communication *mfpr ekè;e ls lapkj* : written /and oral
form.
 nks ;k nks ls vfèkd yksxksa ds chp lwpuk vknku&iznku djus
dh ,slh izfØ;k gS] ftlesa laxBukREkd lajpuk ds fuèkkZfjr
dk;kZy;h fu;eksa] izfØ;kvksa@fØ;kfofèk] O;oLFkk rFkk
*vkns'k dh Ük`a[kyk* dk ikyu djuk gksrk gSA
 lwpuk ;k lans'k esa dk;Zdkjh vkns'k] funZs'k] rduhdh lwpuk

vkfn 'kkfey gks ldrh gSaA vkSipkfjd lapkj fu;ksftr rjhds ls

i=] eseks] bZ&esy vkfn ds :i esa gksrk gSA

Dr.Sarju Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,Jhansi,UP 1
Conti…
• vkns'k dh Ük`a[kyk (Chain of Command) D;k gS\
 izkfèkdkj dk dk;kZy;h inkuqØe vkns'k dh Ük`a[kyk

dgykrk gSA ;g n'kkZrk gS fd dkSu fdldk izHkkjh gS

rFkk fdldh vkKk ls dk;Z gks jgk gSA
 vkns'k dh Ük`a[kyk dk mnkgj.k % UP Agril. Dept.

Dr.Sarju Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,Jhansi,UP 2
Advantages of Formal com.
vkSipkfjd lapkj laxBu esa ---
 izkfèkdkjh ls lEcUèk cuk;s j[kus esa enn
 ;s izR;sd vfèkdkjh ds dk;kZsa o ftEesnkfj;ksa dks

fuèkkZfjr djus esa enn

 vkns'k] funZs'k vkfn dks lgh le; ls izkIr ,oa izsf"kr djus

eas enn
 lwpuk dk vknsf'kr o Øfed izokg lapkj rU= eas lEHko

gks ikrk gSA

 lans'k ds fo:fir ;k [kksus dh lEHkkouk U;wure gksrh

gSA

Dr.Sarju Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,Jhansi,UP 3
Types of Formal com.
 1-Downword com. (↓) lwpuk dk izokg ofj"B ls vèkhuLFk dh
vksj
 2- Upward com. (↑) lwpuk dk izokg laxBu esa fuEu@vèkhuLFk

Lrj ls mPp Lrj ds izkfèkdkjh dh vksj

 3- Horizantal com./Lateral Com. (←→) ,d gh ofj"Brk ds

rgr ,d gh Lrj ij dk;Z djus okys yksxksa esa mnkgj.k % xzke iapk;r
lnL; ←→ xzke iapk;r LVkQ

(B) Informal com /Grapevine com.

 vukSipkfjd lapkj : laxBu ds r; fu;eksa rFkk vkSipkfjdrk jfgr A
 O;fDrxr fj'rksa tSls fe=] lkFkh] ifjokj ij vkèkkfjr gSA
 bl rjg ds lapkj dks vaxwj dh csy ;k yrk lapkj Hkh dgrs gSaA

Dr.Sarju Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,Jhansi,UP 4
(II) ekè;e ds iz;ksx ds vkèkkj ij (Based on medium
use)
 (A) 'kkfCnd lapkj (Verbal Communication)
 O;fDr;ksa ds chp ekSf[kd ;k fyf[kr 'kCnksa ds }kjk lwpuk vkSj
fopkjksa dks lk>k fd;k tkrk gSA 3 izdkj dk gksrk gSA
 1- ekSf[kd lapkj (Oral or Spoken Com.) vkeus&lkeus dh
ckrphr@laokn (Face to face conversations)
mnkgj.k & VsyhQksu laokn] lk{kkRdkj] Hkk"k.k] xksf"B;k¡]
vkfnA
 2- fyf[kr lapkj (Written Com.)
 fyf[kr izrhdksa ds ekè;e ls lans'k igq¡pkus dh izfØ;k
 mnkgj.k @ekè;e gSa& i=] eseks] uksV~l] uksfVl] cqysfVu] ifjpkfyr
i=] eSuqvy] QSDl] Vsyhxzke] bZ&esy] fp=(fiDpj@best] vkjs[k
vkfnA
 3- n`'; lapkj (Visual Com.) tSls-ltho n`'; ;k best@
QksVks] izrhd] pkVZ] iksLVj] fp=] fQYe fLVªi] foKkiu fp=] n`';
ladsr fpUg vkfn 5
Dr.Sarju Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,Jhansi,UP
Principles of effective Oral Communication
 Proper planning
 Clear pronunciation
 Concise and complete message
 Logical sequence
 Natural Voice and Tone
 Giving emphasis
 Courteous (fouez@f'k"V )

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 6
fyf[kr lapkj lqèkkjus gsrq fn'kk&funZs'k
(Guidelines to improve Written Communication)

 y?kq vkSj izpfyr 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksA

 y?kq okD;ksa ,oa vuqPNsnksa dk iz;ksx djsa
 ;Fkk lEHko fyf[kr lans'k esa mnkgj.k] pkVZ~l] xzkÝl
vkfn j[kuk pkfg,]
 fopkjksa dks rdZ laxr <ax ls O;Dr djsa
 lans'k dks xq.koRrk ;qDr isij ij Bhd ls ekftZu (nkfgus]
ck;sa] Åij] uhps ) dk è;ku j[krs gq, fy[kk tk;s rkfd ;g
vkd"kZd yx ldsA
 fojke fpUgksa dk iz;ksx ys[ku dh xq.koRrk c<+krs gSa]
 In English language : use Active voice sentences.

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 7
(B) v'kkfCnd@vokfpd@okpsrj @ 'kCn jfgr lapkj
(Non-verbal or wordless Communication)
 'kCn jfgr (wordless) lans'kksa dks Hkstus ,oa izkIr
djus dh lapkj izfØ;k
 ekè;e gSa&

 psgjs ds gko&Hkko (Facial expression)

 vkokt dh Vksu( Loj
 'kkjhfjd gjdr (Body movement)
 igukok (Clothing)
 O;ogkj ds vU; v'kkfCnd izdkj

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 8
ykHk (Advantages)

 'kkfCnd lapkj dh vis{kk vfèkd fo'oluh; ,oa vfèkd rst

gSA

 'kkfCnd lapkj esa 'kCnksa dks cksyrs le; vklkuh ls

fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gS] fdUrq psgjs ds gko&Hkko dks
fNikuk vfèkd dfBu gksrk gS] tSls mnklh] g"kZ] [kq'kh
vkfnA

 fnO;kax ([kkldj cgjs) yksxksa gsrq v'kkfCnd lapkj

mi;ksxh

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 9
v'kkfCnd lapkj ds izdkj
(Types of Non-verbal Communication)

 1-'kkjhfjd xfrdh (Kinesics= movement) : Study of body

movement / body language / 'kkjhfjd ladsrksa dh
Hkk"kkA

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 10
Conti…

 (a) Facial expression

 tSls& [kq'kh] ukjktxh] nq%[k] Mj] 'kehZykiu] vgadkj tkfgj djus
ds lkFk gh vk¡[kksa ls voyksdu@VdVdh ;k vk¡[ksa >idkuk vkfn

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 11
Conti…

Eye contact : ki aankhe bolti hai…

Ankiyo se goli mare…

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 12
Conti…
(b) Gestures(xsLplZ ): Movement of body parts
('kjhj ds vaxksa dh xfr ) ;g gk¡Fkkas] Hkqtkvksa
vkSj flj dh xfr ls lEcfUèkr gSA
 yksx vius fopkjksa dks vius gk¡Fkksa dh xfr tSls&

Li'kZ djuk ;k gkFk c<+kuk, fe=rk dk b'kkjk]

gk¡Fkkas dks izkFkZuk dh fLFkfr esa ykdj
^ueLRks* dguk , yksxkas ds Lokxr dk b'kkjk …ls
lapkfjr dj ldrs gSaA
 ;g tkucw>dj ;k vutkus esa gks ldrk gSA
 ;g eukso`fRr vkSj Hkkoksa dks n'kkZus gsrq iz;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSA

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 13
 Conti…
 (c) Poustures(ikWLplZ ): 'kjhj dh fof'k"V
fLFkfr@voLFkk;s
 [kM+s gksus ;k cSBus gsrq 'kjhj ds rjhds , tSls & iSj ij iSj j[kdj
cSBuk]
 lèkk o lhèkk ikWLpj usr`Ro'khyrk vkSj vkRefo'okl dks n'kkZrk
gSA
 ;g vkRefo'okl dk Lrj] euksn'kk] ewM] eukso`fRr vkSj ltxrk
n'kkZrk gSA
 ;g vfèkdrj vutkus esa gksrk gSA

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 14
Conti…
 2- izkstsfeDl (Proxemics) : *O;fDrxr vUrjky Hkk"kk*

(Personal Space Language)

 (i) varjx nwjh (Intimate distance):okLrfod Li'kZ ls 1-5 QhV
rd
 (ii) O;fDrxr nwjh (Personal distance) : 1.5 QhV ls 4.0
QhV
 futh leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ dj ldrs gSaA
 (iii) lkekftd nwjh (Social distance) : 4 QhV ls 12 QhV

%
 ;g nwjh izfrfnu ds fe=ksa ls okrkZyki ds fy, i;kZIr gksrh

gSA
 (iv) lkoZtfud nwjh (Public distance) : 12&25 QhV

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 15
Conti…
3- iSjkysaXost (Paralanguage) : tSls-vkokt dh xq.koRrk]
lqj] ygtk] Lrj] cksyus dk rjhdk] cksyus dh nj vkfn
 eg. Gabbar Singh, Asrani,
 Lataji, Mukesh, Rafi,…
 Different speaking style of Leaders- Atal ji, Lalu

Prasad, PM,etc.

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 16
Conti…
 4- gsfIVDl (Haptics) =Li'kZ ;k Nwus ds rjhds dk
mi;ksx dSls fd;k tk;* dk vè;;uA mnkgj.k% gkFk
idM+uk] pweuk (Kissing),ihB FkiFkikuk, gkFk feykuk
vkfnA
 eg. gkFk feykuk (hand shake): gk¡Fk feykus dh vusd

ps"Vk,a gSa] ftuesa ls izR;sd ps"Vk dk vFkZ vyx gksrk

gS]

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 17
Conti…
 (a) 'kqHkdkeuk (Greeting): gk¡Fk feykus ls ysdj xky pweus
vkSj iwjs 'kjhj ds vkfyaxu ;k lhus ls yxkus …
 fdUrq vyx&vyx le; ,oa vyx&vyx fj'rksa ds fglkc ls

'kqHkdkeukvksa ds rjhds vyx gks ldrs gSaA

 (b) laosnuk@lgkuqHkwfr (Sympathy) tc dksbZ O;fDr ruko

esa gksrk gS] rc] ge mls Li'kZ osQ }kjk ljkguk nsdj
lgkuqHkwfr O;Dr djrs gSaA
 (c) ekxZ n'kZu (Guiding) tc dksbZ f'k{kd ihNs ls oaQèks ij

gkFk j[krk gS] rks og Nk=kksa dks lgh fn'kk esa ekxZnf'kZr
dj ldrk gSA
 (d) is'kk@O;olk; (Profession)% esfMdy {ks=kesa ;k Li'kZ

okys tkWc esa ejht dks Li'kZ dj lgkuqHkwfr iznku dh tkrh

gS rFkk mldh ns[kHkky gksrh gSA
Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 18
Conti…

 5- ØksusfeDl (Chronemics) : lapkj esa le; dh mi;ksfxrk ;k bLrseky

dSls gksrk gS & dk vè;;uA
 fofHkUu ns'kksa vkSj laLÑfr;ksa ds yksx le; ds ckjs esa fofHkUu

vuqHkwfr j[krs gSaA

 ,djaxh@,d tSlh laLÑfr (Monochronic culture) : esa le; dherh la'kkèku

gSA bl laLÑfr dks ekuus okys yksx vius tkWc@dk;Z dks le; ds
vuqlkj iw.kZ djrs gSa] tSls& USA,UK] teZuh] uhnjyS.M]
vkLVsªfy;k] dukMk vkfnA

 cgqjaxh ;k fofoèk laLÑfr (Multichronic culture -multiculturalism) :

yksx ?kM+h ;k le; ns[kus dh vis{kk lEcUèkksa ij vfèkd è;ku nsrs
gaSA yksx le; ds ckjs esa cgqr de vkSipkfjd vuqHkwfr j[krs gSaA
mnkgj.k% Hkkjr] bftIV] lmnh vjc] esfDldks] fQyhihal
Dr.Sarju vkfnA
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 19
Conti…
 6- vkVsZQSDV~l (Artefacts) : vkVsZQSDV~l
HkkSfrd lkexzh dh fn[kkoV@nwljksa dks fn[kkuk]
tSls & igukok vkSj lgk;d lkexzh( gk¡Fk dk ilZ@cSx]
QqVfo;j] VkbZ vkfn gSa tks nwljs O;fDr;ksa dks ,d
O;fDr dh O;fDrxr vkSj lkekftd vknrksa dks n'kkZrs
gSaA
 vkVsZQSDV~l lkekftd oxZ] LVkby] eukso`fRr vkfn

dks lapkfjr dj ldrk gSA

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 20
7- HkkSfrd izlax (Physical context):tSls& d{k ;k dejs dh fMtkbu] jax]
lkt&lTtk vkfn fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fofHkUu lans'k ;k fopkj ykrs
gSa] tSls & lkekU;r% lsQn jax e`R;q gksus lEcUèkh fjoktksa esa iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd xgjs jaxhu igukos o diM+s 'kknh volj ij igurs gSaA eg.
Various colour indicates various message.

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 21
Conti…
 nsg@'kkjhfjd Hkk"kk (Body Language) % nsg
Hkk"kk Hkh ,d izdkj dk v'kkfCnd lapkj gS]
 psgjs ds gko&Hkko rFkk vk¡[kas] 'kjhj dh fof'k"V

fLFkfr@voLFkk (Postures)] 'kjhj ds vaxksa dh xfr

(gestures)] Li'kZ dk vè;;u (Heptics)] varjky vkSj nwjh
(Proxemics) vkfn dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
 O;olkf;d txr esa 'kkjhfjd Hkk"kk O;fDr dh lQyrk ;k

foQyrk rd fuèkkZfjr dj ldrh gSA

 c#u ds fe=k (2014) ds vuqlkj& 7 % lapkj 'kCnksa ls]

38% vkokt (loudness, tone, Pitch vkfn ) ls rFkk

lokZfèkd 55% nsg Hkk"kk ls gksrk gSA

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 22
nsg Hkk"kk ds dqN mnkgj.k
(Some examples of Body Language)
 v¡xwBk fn[kkuk
 v¡xwBs vkSj rtZuh vaxqyh ls xksy ?ksjk cukuk rFkk 'ks"k
rhu vaxqfy;ka lhèkh j[kuk
 gFksfy;ksa dks ijLij jxM+uk
 gk¡Fk tksM+dj vfHkoknu djuk
 gksBksa ij thHk fQjkuk ;k ckj&ckj pkVuk
 ,d vksj daèkk >qdkdj [kM+s gksuk
 rukow.kZ psgjk] caèkh gqbZ ckgsa] >qdk gqvk 'kjhj] eq¡g o
<ks<+h dks gk¡Fkksa ls <+duk] mckfl;k¡ ysuk] yxkrkj ?
kwjuk vkfn xyr ladsr ekus tkrs gSa vkSj laokn esa ckèkk
igq¡pkrs gSaA
 [kq'kuqek fetkt] vk¡[kksa&ls&vk¡[kksa dk lhèkk lEidZ vkSj
nksLrkuk gko&Hkko ckrphr esa O;fDr dh #fp n'kkZrs
gSaA Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
23
hansi,UP
(III) lnL; la[;k ds vkèkkj ij
(Based on number of members)
 (A) oS;fDrd lapkj (Intrapersonal com.)
 Intra=within.
 Lo;a ds vanj oSpkfjd fpUru djuk] ;kstuk;sa cukuk] ns[kuk]
i<+uk] fy[kuk] lquuk vkfn oS;fDrd lapkj ds rgr vkrk gSA
 bl lapkj esa O;fDr Lo;a ls ckrsa djrk gSA ;g ,d ekufld fØ;k
gksrh gSA

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 24
 (B) vUr% oS;fDrd lapkj (Interpersonal.com.)

 Inter=inbetween
 oDrk@lapkjd rFkk Jksrk@izkIrdrkZ ds chp lapkj dk nksgjk

izokgA
 vFkkZr tc nks O;fDr;ksa ds chp fdlh mn~ns'; dh
iwfrZ gsrq vUr%fØ;k (Interaction) gksrk gSA

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 25
(C) lewg lapkj (Group com.) : 2 ;k 2 ls
vfèkd O;fDr;ksa ds eè; lapkj] tSls& okn&fookn]
fopkj&foe'kZ] fopkj&xks"Bh] dk;Z'kkyk] O;k[;ku]
lewg&ppkZ] lk{kkRdkj] iSuy ppkZ vkfnA

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 26
(D) o`gn@tu lapkj (Mass com.) : 30 ls vfèkd
yksxksa dks lans'k lapkfjr djukA
tSls& lekpkj i=] jsfM;ks] Vsyhohtu] fQYe bR;kfn }
kjk lapkjA

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 27
(IV) lapkj dh O;oLFkk ds y{k.kksa ds vkèkkj ij
(Based on arrangement /Structural
characteristics of Com.) :
 (A) vkUrfjd lapkj (Internal com.) laxBuksa ds vanj

fofoèk dk;kZsa o mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq vkSipkfjd

lapkj O;oLFkkA
 blesa mèoZxkeh] vèkksxkeh rFkk {kSfrt&rhuksa izdkj

ds lapkj 'kkfey gSaA

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 28
(B) okg~; lapkj (External com.)
laxBu ,oa ckgjh okrkoj.k@laLFkkvksa@yksxksa vkfn ds chp
lwpukvksa dk ijLij vknku&iznkuA

Dr.Sarju
Narain@BNPG,Rath(Hamirpur),BU,J
hansi,UP 29