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 Star point of CT – always point to the
protected equipment ( see the same
direction as equipment current )  

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 1. Select CT for the most protection zone for
each relay and don’t forget overlap zone.
2. Set star point toward the protected
equipment.
3. Single relay connect to single CT for
primary relay ( 21P, 87K, 87B, 87L and 87… ).
4. Series 2 relays if necessary ( CT’s cores are
limited ) , only for back up relays.
5. Summation of 2 CT is need when breaker
and a half scheme is used.

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 132KV BUS

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 Select CT ratio more than full load current

Exercise -1
- Calculation full load current of 50 MVA Transformer 132/33 kV
- Select CT ratio at both sides

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 Solution -1

I full load 132 kV = 50 x106 /(√ 3 x 132 x 103 )

= 218.69

Select CT ratio from 250/ 1 or / 5 up

I full load 33 kV = 50 x106 /(√ 3 x 33 x 103 )

= 874 A

Select CT ratio from 900 / 1 or / 5 up

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 Accuracy Limit Factor
- ALF = Multiple of rated current up to which declared accuracy
will be maintained with rated burden connected.

- ALF'= Actual ALF when the actual burden is not at rated.

For CT ratio 600/5 , ALF = 20

It’s mean this CT still has the declare accuracy
with rated burden until I,PRIMARY = 20 x 600 = 12,000 A.

But if the burden is not rated burden, ALF will change to ALF'

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 ****ALF' = ALF x( Pn + Pi)/(P' + Pi)****

When
Pn = Rated VA
P' = ( 2RL + Rrelay ) x In2
Pi = RCT x In2
ALF = Rated ALF

*** for 3 phase fault use RL instead of 2RL***

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 Example -2

For CT class 5P10 ratio 1000/1 10VA

RCT = 2 Ω
RL = 1 Ω
Rrelay = 0.1 Ω ;
calculate actual current before CT begin to saturate

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 At normal ALF maximum fault current is 10
kA ( primary ) with rated burden
Pn = 10 VA
P' = ( 2RL + R relay ) x In2 = 2.1 VA
Pi = RCT x In2 = 2 VA
ALF = 10

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 ALF' = 10 x( 10 + 2)/(2.1 + 2)= 29.27

So maximum fault current before this CT will

saturate at 1000 x 29.27 = 29. 27 kA

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 From CT data

ALF 10
CT ratio 150/1
Burden 10 VA
Internal resistance Rct 0.2 ohm
Cable resistance RL 0.045 ohm
Relay resistance Rrelay 0.5 ohm
Short circuit current 30000 A
This CT can be used or not ?

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 ALF' = 10 x( 10 + 0.2)/(0.59 + 0.2)=129.1

Maximum fault current before this CT will saturate is 150 x

129.1 = 19.367 kA

So this CT cannot use with fault current 30 kA

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Knee point voltage :

Vk Value of the voltage applied to the secondary side of CT

which,when increased by 10%, causes a maximum increase of 50%
in the magnetizing current, Ie

-CT saturate is depend on Vk

Calculation of Vk

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 Knee point voltage :

-Example

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 The factors that effect to CT saturation are :
1. Fault current
2. Burden connected
3. CT ratio
4. ALF
5. Residual flux
6. DC offset

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 (a) Measurement of CT ratio and phase angle
accuracy with consideration of nominal
and Connected burden
(b) Phase and polarity measurement

(c) Winding resistance measurement

(d) Excitation/saturation recording
(e)Secondary burden measurement
Transient behavior measurement
 

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  When the magnetic flux within a CT reaches a
certain value, its core will saturate. Saturation
protects a measurement device against heavy
over currents.
 Thus, it is critical for the safety of the device
that the actual burden is known.

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  Determination of accuracy limiting factor
(ALF)
 Instrument security factor (FS)
 Secondary time constant (Ts)
 Remanence factor (Kr)
 Transient dimensioning factor (Ktd)
 knee point voltage/current
 Class
 Saturated and non saturated inductance

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  A protection CT is used to produce a secondary
current proportional to the actual current
flowing in the power system. This is then used
as an input signals to the system protection.
 The magnitude of the current may range from
several milliamps to up to 30 times the rated
current. In order for a relay to operate properly
the protection CT must have a linear

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 characteristic, over its specified operating range.
 The CT can be driven into saturation by too

much primary current, excessive secondary

burden, or currents with a high dc offset (e. g.
transformer inrush current). Since the operation
of the relay can become unpredictable during
CT saturation, the excitation or saturation
characteristic of the CT is a very important
consideration for the relay engineer.

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  A protection CT is specified by an accuracy
limiting factor (ALF) which the relay engineer
can use to choose the correct CT for the
application. The ALF is determined by the
excitation/saturation characteristic of the CT,
its winding resistance and the secondary
burden resulting from the connecting leads and
the attached relays.
 It is therefore important to measure all of the
parameters and determine the ALF for a
particular connected burden.

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  Ratio errors arise because a proportion of the
primary current magnetizes the core instead of
being transferred to the secondary winding.
 Electricity meters can only measure the signals
they receive from a measurement CT and so
depend on its accuracy. The accuracy class of a
measurement CT has been defined in the
relevant international standards, depending on
the installed burden and the actual percentage
of the nominal current.

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 Current ratio error and phase error for all
measurement points
 Winding resistance
 Excitation/saturation voltage current
 Secondary burden
 Saturated inductance (Ls)
 Unsaturated inductance (Lm)
 Remanence flux factor (Kr)
 Secondary time constant (Ts)
 Accuracy limiting factor (ALF / ALFi)
 Instrument security factor (FS / FSi)
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Dimensioning factor according to class PX, TPS (Kx)
Accuracy limiting voltage/current according to
class PX (Ek / Ie)
Turns ratio according to class PX (N)
Turns ratio and composite error (• εt , εc)
Rated symmetrical short-circuit current factor
(Kssc)
Transient dimensioning factor (Ktd)
Peak instantaneous error (• ε^)
Maximum emf voltage (Emax - calculated value)

Accuracy limiting voltage/current (Val/Ial)

Secondary terminal voltage rating (Vb)
Knee-point voltage/current (Vkn / Ikn)

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