EXPERIMENT 3

S T U D Y O F P O W D E R C O M PA C T I O N
B E H AV I O U R
EXPERIMENT 3

STUDY OF POWDER
CO M PAC T I O N B E H AV I O U R
 AIM :
To study powder compaction behavior using different powder
compaction models.

APPARATUS :
• 50 ml Measuring cylinder

• weighing balance

• tapped density meter.

MATERIALS :
Powder sample (silica, barium sulfate, different size fractions of fly
ash and brick).

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 THEORY :
Powder compaction/consolidation is an important operation for preparing
different products from powder/particulate matter. Many product is
usually made form starting raw material as a powder e.g. in a powder
metallurgy different advance ceramics objects and other advanced
materials are prepared by compaction of powder. It is also widely used in
pharmaceutical industry, where drug tablets are prepared by tabletting
operation. This tableting operation is termed as drug consolidation
operation. The understanding of evolution of bulk properties during
compaction operation is necessary for the purpose of design of powder
compaction device. In the literature powder compaction behavior is
widely studied and several models were proposed to evaluate the change
in bulk density of powder compacts during operation.

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 POWDER COMPACTION EQUATIONS:
TITLE
Knight Equation: •  Kawakita Equation:

 
Heckle Equation:

Where, ϕ0 = Fractional bulk density at N=0,

ϕ∞ = Fractional bulk density at N where no change
in volume is observed
ϕN= Fractional bulk density at given N
a and b empirical constants of Kawakita equation
S and N* empirical constants of Heckle equation
B and N* empirical constants of Knight Equation
 2 3
1

Measure the weight Tap the powder filled

• Measure the weight measuring cylinder
of powder and
of empty measuring calculate bulk manually against flat
cylinder. Fill in 30 ml density. surface carefully.
of fly ash/brick Measure the drop in
powder into volume at interval of 5
measuring cylinder or 10 tapings and
and measure the tabulated the result in
weight. observation table 1.
Stop when there is no
observable change in
the volume of powder.

PROCEDURE

5 6
4

Calculate the
• Repeat the fractional bulk Fit the observed change
procedure for density at different in fractional bulk
different size number of tapings density as a function
fractions and also using formula given of number of tapings
perform the analysis in calculations using different
for other materials section. models/equations
(collect values of (Kawakita, Heckle and
true density from Knight) using excel
literature solver.
OBSERVATION TABLE: KAWAKITA EQUATION
FRACTIONAL BULK FRACTIONAL BULK
FRACTIONAL
N DENSITY(ΦN) DENSITY(ΦN) DIFFERENCE
EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATED
0 0.206008584 0.206008584 0
10 0.234922069 0.233451963 2.16121E-06
25 0.25751073 0.264080768 4.31654E-05
50 0.291099086 0.298483782 5.45337E-05
75 0.326598974 0.321238557 2.87341E-05
100 0.343347639 0.33740442 3.53219E-05
150 0.361906971 0.358846362 9.36733E-06
200 0.371959943 0.372424745 2.16041E-07
250 0.38258737 0.381795056 6.27761E-07
300 0.388132114 0.388651027 2.69271E-07
350 0.393839939 0.393884954 2.02634E-09
400 0.393839939 0.398011581 1.74026E-05

SUM OF SQUARES : 0.000191801

OBSERVATION TABLE: HECKLE EQUATION
FRACTIONAL BULK FRACTIONAL BULK
FRACTIONAL
N DENSITY(ΦN) DENSITY(ΦN) DIFFERENCE
EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATED
0 0.206008584 0.206008584 0
10 0.234922069 0.232903202 4.07582E-06
25 0.25751073 0.255194464 5.36509E-06
50 0.291099086 0.288388792 7.34569E-06
75 0.326598974 0.323496177 9.62735E-06
100 0.343347639 0.340038694 1.09491E-05
150 0.361906971 0.358348086 1.26657E-05
200 0.371959943 0.368249471 1.37676E-05
250 0.38258737 0.378728282 1.48926E-05
300 0.388132114 0.384181427 1.56079E-05
350 0.393839939 0.389800296 1.63187E-05
400 0.393839939 0.389773375 1.65369E-05

SUM OF SQUARES : 0.000127152

OBSERVATION TABLE: KNIGHT EQUATION
FRACTIONAL BULK FRACTIONAL BULK
FRACTIONAL
N DENSITY(ΦN) DENSITY(ΦN) DIFFERENCE
EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATED
0 0.206008584 0.206008584 0
10 0.234922069 0.239828759 2.40756E-05
25 0.25751073 0.272579328 0.000227063
50 0.291099086 0.304310234 0.000174534
75 0.326598974 0.322878967 1.38385E-05
100 0.343347639 0.335068369 6.85463E-05
150 0.361906971 0.350096521 0.000139487
200 0.371959943 0.359004179 0.000167852
250 0.38258737 0.364897792 0.000312921
300 0.388132114 0.369085772 0.000362763
350 0.393839939 0.372214947 0.00046764
400 0.393839939 0.374641786 0.000368569

SUM OF SQUARES : 0.00232729

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 0.45
KAWAKITA
0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATED

VALUES OF CONSTANTS OF KAWAKITA EQUATION SOLVED BY USING EXCEL SOLVER

ARE a = 1.101349 AND b = 0.01376
 HECKLE
0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATED

VALUES OF CONSTANTS OF HECKLE EQUATION SOLVED BY USING EXCEL SOLVER ARE

S = 0.05 AND N* = 130
 0.45
KNIGHT
0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATED

VALUES OF CONSTANTS OF KNIGHT EQUATION SOLVED BY USING EXCEL SOLVER ARE

B = 286669940.5 AND N* = 13054447806
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 RESULTS TABLE

  KAWAKITA
HECKLE  KNIGHT
   
experimental
constant a b S N* B N*

value 1.101349329 0.013759939 0.05 130 286669940.5 1.31E+10

 RESULTS TABLE

  KAWAKITA
HECKLE  KNIGHT
   
experimental
constant a b S N* B N*

value 1.101349329 0.013759939 0.05 130 286669940.5 1.31E+10

CONCLUSION : THE RESULTS OF THE CURVES FITTED ARE PLOTTED ACCORDING TO THE THREE EQUATIONS
KAWAKITA, HECKLE AND KNIGHT RESPECTIVELY.

DISCUSSION :POWDER COMPACTION BEHAVIOR IS WIDELY STUDIED AND SEVERAL MODELS WERE
PROPOSED TO EVALUATE THE CHANGE IN BULK DENSITY OF POWDER COMPACTS DURING OPERATION.
THESE VARIOUS POWDER COMPACTION MODELS ARE STUDIED TO STUDY THE BEHAVIOUR OF POWDER
COMPACTION