THE

PARTICULATE
NATURE OF
MATTER
Learning Objectives
1. Properties of the three states
of matter

2. The Kinetic Particle Theory

3. Explain the change in states

using the Kinetic Theory and
the energy involved
Properties of the Three States of Matter
All matter has mass and occupies space

Solids Liquids Gases

Shape Fixed shape No fixed shape. No fixed shape.

Takes the shape Takes the shape
of its container of its container.

Volume Fixed volume Fixed volume No fixed

volume. Takes
the volume of
its container

Compressible? Incompressible Incompressible Very

compressible
The Kinetic Theory
Why did the three states of matter appear
this way?
The Kinetic Theory suggests that all matter is
made up of extremely small particles that
are in constant motion.
These particles can be atoms, molecules or
ions.
 Solid Liquid Gas

Diagram

Arrangement of Packed closely Packed closely Far apart in an

particles in an orderly in a disorderly disorderly
arrangement arrangement arrangement

Forces of Very strong Strong forces of Weak forces of

attraction forces of attraction attraction
between attraction
particles
Movement of Particles vibrate Particles can Particles are in
particles and rotate move and random motion
about fixed exchange
positions positions within
the liquid
 4th State of Matter

 A plasma is a hot ionized gas consisting of

approximately equal numbers of positively
charged ions and negatively charged
electrons. The characteristics of plasmas are
significantly different from those of
ordinary neutral gases so that plasmas are
considered a distinct "fourth state of
matter."
Some places where plasmas are found…

1. Flames
2. Lightning
3. Aurora (Northern Lights)
The Sun is an example of a star in its
plasma state
 5th State of Matter
 In 1924, Albert Einstein
and Satyendra Nath
Bose predicted the
"Bose-Einstein
Condensate" (BEC),
which is referred as the
fifth state of matter. A
Bose-Einstein
Condensate (BEC) is
a state of matter of a
dilute gas of bosons
cooled to temperatures
very close to absolute
zero .
 6th State of Matter

 A Fermionic Condensate is a superfluid

phase formed by fermionic particles at low
temperatures. It is closely related to the
Bose–Einstein Condensate, a superfluid
phase formed by bosonic atoms under
similar conditions.
END…
Changes in States
Changes in States

1. Melting and Freezing

2. Boiling and Condensation
3. Evaporation
4. Sublimation
Changes in States
Changes in state are due to the particles
absorbing or losing energy.

As a substance get heated, it absorbs energy

and when it cools it loses energy.

Gas
Boiling Condensation
Energy
of the Liquid
particles Melting Freezing

Solid
Melting

Melting takes place when the particles in

a solid absorb enough energy to
overcome the forces holding them in
fixed positions and rearrange themselves
to form a liquid.

Gains energy
Melting
Temperature
(oC) D
Melting
point of
B C
substance

Time from start (min)

AB : Substance is in solid state. Particles absorbed heat energy and
their vibration increases.
BC : Melting occurs. Substance becomes a mixture of solid and liquid.
Heat energy absorbed by particles is used to overcome forces of
attraction between the particles.
CD : Substance is in liquid state. Heat energy absorbed by particles
and their kinetic energy increases. Temperature increases.
Freezing

Freezing takes place when the liquid

particles loses energy to rearrange
themselves to form back the solid
structure.

Loses energy
 Freezing point and
Freezing melting point the
Temperature same temperature for
(oC)
A
the same substance?
Freezing
point of B C
substance
D

Time from start (min)

AB : Substance is in liquid state. Particles loses kinetic energy due to
cooling.
BC : Freezing occurs. Substance becomes a mixture of liquid and
solid. Liquid particles rearrange themselves to form a solid structure
upon further cooling.
CD: Substance is in solid state. Particles loses energy upon cooling
and their vibration decreases. Temperature drops.
Boiling

Boiling takes place when the liquid

particles gains enough energy to
overcome the forces holding them
together and move apart to form a gas.

Gains energy
Boiling
Temperature
(oC)

Boiling D
point of
substance B C
A

Time from start (min)

AB : Substance is in liquid state. Particles gain kinetic energy due to

heating.
BC : Boiling occurs. Substance becomes a mixture of liquid and gas.
Liquid particles gain energy to overcome the forces holding them
together and move apart to form a gas.
CD: Substance is in gaseous state. Particles gain energy upon further
heating and move further apart. Temperature increases.
Condensation

Condensation takes place when the gas

particles loses energy and move close
together to reform the liquid structure.

Loses energy
 Boiling point and
Condensation condensation point the
Temperature same temperature for
(oC)
A
the same substance?
Condensation
point of B C
substance
D

Time from start (min)

AB : Substance is in gaseous state. Particles loses kinetic energy due

to cooling and move closer together.
BC : Condensation occurs. Substance becomes a mixture of gas and
liquid. Gas particles loses energy and move close together to
reform the liquid structure.
CD: Substance is in liquid state. Particles loses kinetic energy upon
cooling. Temperature drops.
Heating and Cooling Curves
Temperature
(oC) gas
Boiling
Heating
liquid Curve
Melting

solid

Temperature Time from start (min)

(oC)
gas

Cooling
Condensation
liquid
Curve

Freezing solid

Time from start (min)

Evaporation

Evaporation is a physical process that

changes a liquid into a gas.

Boiling Evaporation
Occurs at boiling point Occurs at any
temperature below
boiling point
Occurs throughout the Occurs only at the
liquid surface of the liquid
Bubbles observed No bubbles observed
Occurs rapidly Occurs slowly
Sublimation

Sublimation takes place when a solid

changes into a gas directly, without
going through the liquid state.

Examples:
•Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice)
•iodine crystals
•moth balls
END…