IV

FLUIDS
Prepared by:
Via Mae G. Daral
Intravenous fluids are balanced electrolyte
solutions (salt) which are administered inside
the venous circulation. Mostly
these intravenous fluids are composed of
infusion of crystalline substances like
potassium chloride, sodium chloride or even
glucose.
Types of Fluids
Colloids – solutions that contain large
molecules that don’t pass the cell membranes.
When infused, they remain in the intravascular
compartment and expand in the intravascular
volume and they draw fluid from extravascular
spaces via their higher oncotic pressure.
 Crystalloid – solutions that contain small
molecules that flow easily across the cell
membranes, allowing for transfer from the
bloodstream into the cells and body tissues.
This will increase fluid volume in both the
interstitial and extracellular spaces.
Crystalloids subdivided into:
a. Isotonic –
When the concentration of the particles
(solutes) is similar to that of plasma, so it
doesn’t move into cells and remains within
the extracellular compartment thus increasing
intravascular volume.
 Isotonic Solutions:
1. 0.9% sodium chloride (0.9% NaCl)(Normal
Saline Solution)
Green colored tag
- Only IV fluid compatible with blood
- Compatible with all IVTT medications
- Cautiously given to patients with heart attack, cardiac
problems and stoke for fear of fluid volume overload
 Isotonic Solutions:
2. Plain Lactated Ringers solution (PLR)
- Has potassium therefore don’t use to patients with
renal failure as it can cause hyperkalemia

- Don’t use in liver disease because the patient can’t

metabolize lactate
 Isotonic Solutions:
3. 5% Dextrose in water (D5W)
- Maroon or Red colored tag
- Raises total fluid volume
- Helpful in rehydrating and excretory purposes
- Fluid loss and dehydration
- Hypernatremia
- Solution is isotonic initially and becomes hypotonic
when dextrose is metabolized
 Isotonic Solutions:
3. 5% Dextrose in water (D5W)
- Not to be used for resuscitation; can cause 
hyperglycemia

- Use in caution to patients with renal or cardiac disease,

can cause fluid overload
Crystalloids subdivided into:
b. Hypotonic –
Solutions containing lesser concentration
number of solute as compared with blood
plasma. It makes the cell swell.
 Examples of hypotonic solutions are:

0.45% Sodium Chloride (Half-Normal Saline)

0.33% Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
0.2% Sodium Chloride
2.5% Dextrose in water
 - Use in patients with hypernatremia, diabetic
ketoacidosis
- Never use to patients who are at risk for
increased ICP because it may exacerbate cerebral
edema
- Don’t use to patients with liver disease, trauma,
or burns due to the potential for depletion of
intravascular fluid volume.
Crystalloids subdivided into:
b. Hypertonic –
As the opposite of hypotonic solutions, these are more
concentrated than the blood plasma. It also increases
plasma’s solute concentration. Its main purpose is to
balance the concentration of fluids and electrolytes
across fluid compartments. It causes cells to shrink.
 Hypertonic Solutions:
1. D5NS (Dextrose 5% in 0.9% saline)
- Yellow colored tag
- Hypotonic dehydration
- Replaces fluid sodium, chloride, and calories.

- Temporary treatment of circulatory insufficiency and

shock if plasma expanders aren’t available
 Hypertonic Solutions:
1. D5NS (Dextrose 5% in 0.9% saline)
-Do not use in patients with cardiac or renal failure
because of danger of heart failure and pulmonary
edema

- Watch for fluid volume overload

 Hypertonic Solutions:
2. D50.3 NaCl
- Light blue colored tag
- Given to patients with severe hyponatremia and
cerebral edema
 Hypertonic Solutions:
3. D5LR (Dextrose 5% in Lactated Ringer’s)
- Pink colored tag
- Indicated as a source of water, electrolytes and calories
or as an alkalinizing agent
- Contraindicated in patients with a known
hypersensitivity to sodium lactate.
 Hypertonic Solutions:
4. D5NM
- Orange colored tag
- Balanced Multiple Maintenance Solution
 - Nonpyrogenic and is a nutrient replenisher.
- More potassium than D5IMB
 Hypertonic Solutions:
5. D5IMB
- Violet colored tag
- Balanced Multiple Maintenance Solution
- Lesser potassium than D5NM
 IV
CANNULAS
Prepared by:
Via Mae G. Daral
 Intravenous (IV) cannulation is a
technique in which a cannula is placed
inside a vein to provide venous access.
Venous access allows sampling of blood,
as well as administration of fluids,
medications, parenteral nutrition,
chemotherapy, and blood products
 IV
PRIMING
Prepared by:
Via Mae G. Daral
 Purpose : to ensure a consistent
standardized practice when priming an
intravenous line

Equipment : IV solution and IV tubing

(60 gtt set = micro ; 10, 15, or 20 gtt set
= macro)
 Procedure :
1. Ensure protective caps on the IV line are in
place and not expired. Inspect the IV for
solution type, volume, clarity, integrity, and
expiry date.
2. Remove all equipment from the protective
outer wrap and hang the IV solution.
 Procedure :
3. Using the aseptic technique:
> Close the roller clamp of the tubing
> Remove protector plastic from IV solution
administration outlet and from the spike on the tubing.
>Insert spike of IV tubing into outlet using twisting
motion until internal membrane is broken. This is
usually signified by a small air bubble.
 Procedure :
4. Squeeze the drip chamber on the IV tubing
in order to fill it to the fill-line.
5. Label the IV solution by either writing
directly onto the bag, or onto an affixed piece
of tape. The date and time and your initial
should be included on this label.
THANK
YOU!