WiMAX

Cell Site Design for SCADA

Communication
Contents
1. Introduction to WiMAX
2. Fixed WiMAX Network Design Flow Sequence.
3. Premise of the Network Design.
4. WiMAX Spectrum allocation
5 Choice of OFDM parameters
6. TDD/FDD channels.
7. Throughput Calculation for different RF channels.
8. Erceg Path Propagation Model
9.Possible coverage area based on propagation model.
10.CPE Capacity Calculation
11.Base Station Capacity Calculation
12.Frequency Reuse Plan Options
Introduction to WiMAX
 WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a
standards-based technology enabling the delivery of “last mile”
wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable, DSL or T1/E1
service.

 WiMAX is expected to provide fixed , nomadic, portable and,

eventually, mobile wireless broadband connectivity without the need
for direct line-of-sight (LOS) with a base station.

 In a typical cell radius deployment of three to ten kilometers, WiMAX

Forum Certified™ systems can be expected to deliver capacity of up to
40 Mbps per channel (depending on bandwidth of RF channel), for
fixed and portable access applications.

 Mobile network deployments are expected to provide up to 15 Mbps of

capacity within a typical cell radius deployment of up to three
kilometers.
WiMAX Throughput Calculation
The net usable throughput of WiMAX system will depend on
1. Coverage Calculations:
a) On the choice of OFDM parameters
 Channel Spacing (dependent on spectrum profile).
 Number of FFT points or sub-carriers inside a channel.
 Sub-carriers used as pilot channels.
 Sub-carriers used as guard channels.
 Symbol duration (including guard period)
 Modulation & FEC coding rates.
b) On Path Propagation Loss Model used
 Erceg Model for Fixed WiMAX, COST231 for Mobile WiMAX
c) Characteristics of the WiMAX System.
 System Gain Parameters of Tx,Rx, heights of Antennas at TX, Rx, Receiver Sensitivity of the
System
d) Sectorization & Frequency Re-use
 No of Sectors in a Cell Site (with 120 ,90 , 60 degrees beam width antennas)
 No of frequencies that can be used in a cell.
e) Geographic Area to be Covered
2. Capacity Calculations
 No of CPEs used
 Over Booking Factor
 Average Traffic Demand
Fixed -WiMAX
Network Design Flow Sequence Frequency
Band
Path loss
Model
System
Gain

No of CPEs Average Traffic Overbooking Channel Modulation/ Link Budget

Demand Factor Bandwidth Coding Type Calculations

Capacity Geographic Cell/Sector Cell/Sector

Demand Area Size Capacity range

Network Eqpt Prices

Eqpt
Demand

OPEX CAPEX

Economic
Results
Radio Spectrum for WiMAX profiles
Let {2.4835-2.4995 GHz}
is allotted Spectrum
for example

Source: Fujitsu Whitepaper: RF Spectrum utilization in WiMAX, November 2004

Frequencies available for WiMAX deployment World-wide

Region Licensed Frequency Band Legend:
Canada 2.3/2.5 GHz 3.5/5GHz U-NII: Un-licensed National
USA 1.5/2.3 GHz, 2.5/5 GHz Information Infrastructure.
Central & South America 2.5/3.5 GHz, 3.5GHz WRC: World Radio Conference
Europe 3.5GHz, 5GHz ISM: Industrial Scientific & Medical
Middle East & Africa 3.5GHz,5GHz MMDS: Multi-channel Multi point
Distribution Service
Russia 2.3/2.5/3.5GHz, 5GHz
WCS: Wireless Communication
India 3.5GHz Service
Asia Pacific 2.3/3.3/3.5GHz 5GHz
Un Licensed Frequency band: 2.4GHz,5.15GHz & 5.85GHz
WiMAX Spectrum Band (2483.5 to 2499.5MHz)

16MHz spectrum band

Possible TDD Channels

2485.25 2487.00 2488.75 2490.50 2492.25 2494.00 2495.75 2497.50 2499.25
2483.50
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2499. 500
0 F1
1.75MH
z  F2  F3  F4  F5  F6  F7  F8  F9   250KHz

F1 :3.5MHz F2: 3.5MHz F3: 3.5MHz F4: 3.5MHz  

1.75MHz  

F1: 7MHz F2:7MHz 1.75MHz  

3.5MHz 3.5MHz
Possible FDD Channels
Uplink (for 3.5 MHz) :
2485.750MHz 2489.250 MHz Up Link 2491.5MHz Down Link
From -To
Downlink (for 3.5 MHz)
2493.750MHz 2497.250MHz
From-To

Uplink 2498.3MHz 8MHz

2486.625 MHz 2488.375 MHz 2499.5MHz
(for1.75MHz) :From-To

Downlink (for 1.75 2487.5MHz 16MHz 2495.5MHz

2498.625 MHz 2496.375 MHz
MHz) From-to
Comparison of TDD & FDD for WiMAX
Issue Multiplexing Method in FDD
Advantage
Guard Band TDD FDD requires a guard band
to separate the DL and UL
channels which amount to a
substantial loss in spectrum.
Guard Time FDD No guard time is required at
the end of DL transmission.
However, guard time is
required at the end of UL
transmission because
typically the SUs are HFDD
units that need to turn
around from Tx to Rx to
receive the new BSU
schedule information for the
next downlink.
Frequency Plan and Reuse FDD The adjacent channel
interference is much lower
than in a TDD scheme.
TDD
No guard bands are
required.
Guard time is required
between Tx and Rx and vice
versa. The guard time is
equal to a unit’s turn around
time plus the round trip
delay. A unit’s turn around
time is in the order of 50 us.
The round trip delay is in the
order of 66 us. Thus the
round trip delay can absorb
the transmitter’s turn around
time whenever the direction
of traffic switches. The loss in
throughput due to guard
time for a 5 ms frame is
about 2%.
Frequency planning is
required only for one
channel. If all TDD-based
systems are synchronized to
GPS, using the same frame
size and DL/UL partitioning
can mitigate interference.
Comparison of TDD & FDD (Contn..d)

Multiplexing
Issue Method in FDD TDD
Advantage

FDD requires one transmitter As the transmitter and receiver

and a separate receiver. use the same filters, mixers etc
Hardware TDD the cost of a TDD scheme is
Further a diplexer and
Cost substantially less than an FDD
shields are required to isolate
the DL and UL. scheme.

Where cell interference is not a

Once the channel bandwidth
problem, adaptive UL/DL
is granted by the regulator
allocation allows dynamic
Dynamic the UL/DL allocation cannot
bandwidth allocation for UL
Bandwidth TDD be modified. This leads to
and DL traffic. This is
Allocation unused spectrum for
especially important for
asymmetric operations such
Internet traffic.
as Internet traffic.

SOURCE : http://www.moonblinkwifi.com/fddvstddwimax.cfm
Premise of WiMAX Network Design for SCADA Communication

Geographic Area Size:

 SCADA RTU Well Density : 2000 No
 Average Density of Wells: 2 No /km2
 Topography : Plain Terrain .
 WiMAX Cell Site Coverage radius (in Km) : 10 (assumed value)
 Area of Hexagonal Cell site assuming no overlap of coverage: [ ( 3 x sq root(3) /2) x (10)2 ) ] = 260 Km2
 No of RTUs in a Cell site : (260 Km2 )* 2 = 520
Data requirement of RTUs:
 Uplink Committed Information Rate : 56 Kbps (actual required speed is 9600 baud)
 Downlink Committed Information Rate: 56 Kbps 10 Km
 Total_ Up link capacity: 520 x 56 = 29,120 Kbps Base Station
 Total_Down link capacity: 520 x 56 =29,120 Kbps
 For TDD Duplexing method, Total_Link_Throughput : 29,120+29,120 Kbps=58,240Kbps RTU
 % of RTUs active & communicating at any instant : 90 % (i.e 468 RTU wells)
 % of average air time usage by active RTUs := 50% (assumption)
 % of air time usage by active RTUs := (% of active RTUs) x (%of average air-time usage)
= (90%) x (50%)= 0.45
 Over subscription Factor (OSF) : 1/0.45 = 2.222
(i.e for every second 450mSec is used , which means we can replicate the total number of RTUs by 2.22 x
times or it can serve for 2.2 x 520 = 1144 wells)

 Due to actual air-time usage and activity, the required throughput utilized is
(Total_Link_Throughput)/(Oversubscription Factor)
(58,240 Kbps)/ 2.222 = 26,208Kbps or 26.208 Mbps

Objective : To design the cell site with 10Km coverage radius and
be able to exceed the data rate requirement of 26.208Mbps. Then the network is said to be
over-subscribed.
Choice of OFDM Parameters for Channel Bandwidth

Choice Choice
Sno OFDM Parameters Value units units
BW=3.5MHz BW=1.75MHz

7/6
(undersamplin
1 Sampling Frequency (Fs) g) or 8/7 (over 4 MHz 2 MHz
sampling) x
BW

2 Carriers NFFT 256 256   256  

3 Data Carriers (Nused) 192 192   192  
4 Useful Time (Tb) NFFT /Fs 64 μsec 128 μsec
5 Subcarrier Spacing (Δs) Fs/NFFT 15.625 KHz 7.8125 KHz

6 Delay Spread (Гrms) 3μsec 3 μsec 3 μsec

Guard time/ Useful Symbol 1/32,1/16,1/8,

7 1/16   1/16  
time ratio (Tg/Tb) 1/4
Cyclic Prefix Time (Tg) (choose
8 Tb/32 2 μsec 4 μsec
Tg> Гrms )
9 Symbol Time (Ts) Tb+ Tg 66 μsec 132 μsec

[(Fs/BW)x(Nus
10 Bandwidth Efficiency 86 % 86.16071429 %
ed+1)/(NFFT)]

Total Data channel baud rate

11 (for Nused=192 data carriers)in (192x (1/Ts) 2909.0909 Kbps 1454.5454 Kbps
Kbps
WiMAX Throughput Calculation for RF Channels
 Single sub-carrier baud rate = 1/(66 μ sec) =15.152 KBaud.
 Total Data Channel baud rate = 192 * 15.151KBaud = 2.909MBaud
 As a large portion of PDU (Physical Data Unit) is allocated for Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), Forward
Error Correction (FEC), and /or Convolution Coding.

Table :Throughput and Modulation

Modulation Type Bits /Baud Throughput (Mbps)

Used
BPSK 1 2.909
QPSK 2 5.818
16QAM 4 11.636
64QAM 6 17.454

 There are two convolution rates per modulation rate yielding 8 different modulation levels as follows:
(1) BPSK ½ (2) BPSK ¾ (3) QPSK ½ (4) QPSK ¾ (5) 16QAM ½ (6) 16QAM ¾
(7) 64QAM 2/3 (8) 64QAM ¾
 ½, 2/3 and ¾ refer to the fraction of the PDUs allocated for actual user data; the rest is management, CRC
bits
 Net usable throughput for 3.5MHz RF channel for various modulation scheme is as follows:
 For BPSK ½ : 2.909 Mbps x ½ = 1.45 Mbps For 16QAM ½ : 11.636 X ½ = 5.82 Mbps
 For QPSK ½ : 5.818 Mbps x ½ = 2.909 Mbps For 16QAM ¾ : 11.636 X ¾ = 8.73 Mbps
 In practice, bandwidth tends to be lower by 5% to 7% for a general point-to-point link.
Bit rate &Modulation*
Modulatio Bits/ Coding Receiver Throughput Spectral Rx Throughput SPECTR Rx
n baud rate SNR(dB) for (for 3.5MHz Efficiency Sensitivit (for AL Sensitivi
BER =10-6 Channel) (Bits/Hz ] y in dBm 1.75MHz EFFICIE ty in
(coding rate x (@3.5MHz ) Channel) is NCY dBm
bits/baud x (For (coding rate (BITS/H (For
Total Data 3.5MHz x bits/baud z] 1.75MH
channel baud BW) x Total Data (@1.75M z BW)
rate) channel Hz )
baud rate)

BPSK 1 1/2 6.4 1454.5455 0.4156 -102.6926 727.2727 0.4156 -105.703

QPSK 2 1/2 9.4 2909.0909 0.8312 -102.7029 1454.5455 0.8312 -102.703

2 3/4 11.2 4363.6364 1.2468 -97.8926 2181.8182 1.2468 -100.903

16-QAM 4 1/2 16.4 5818.1818 1.6623 -92.6926 2909.0909 1.6623 -95.703

4 3/4 18.2 8727.2727 2.4935 -90.8926 4363.6364 2.4935 -93.903

64-QAM 6 2/3 22.7 11636.3636 3.3247 -86.3926 5818.1818 3.3247 -89.403

6 3/4 24.4 13090.9091 3.7403 -84.6926 6545.4545 3.7403 -87.703

Receiver Sensitivity= -102+SNR(Rx)+10.log(Fs.(Nused/Nfft).(Nsubchannels/16)) ; Nused : 200; Nfft= 256; Nsubchannels:16

Note : * Bit rate is in Kbps, Guard Time is 1/32 of Symbol Time, excluding MAC & Preamble Overhead.
Characteristics of Proposed WiMAX System
Sno Parameter Value Units

1 Center Frequency of Spectrum (2483.5MHz – 2499.5MHz) 2491.5 MHz

2 Duplexing TDD  
3 Multiple Access TDMA  
4 Modulation adaptive BPSK,QPSK,QPSK,16-QAM,64-QAM  
5 Channel Bandwidth 3.5 / 1.75 MHz
6 Input power to BST (Pi) 39 dBm
7 Hbs (Height of Base Station antenna) 30 meters
8 Hrx (Height of Subscriber Station antenna) 6 meters
9 BS antenna gain Gi 17 dBi
10 BS feeder loss 0.5 dB
11 Input power to CPE 23 dBm
12 receiver antenna gain( Gr) 18 dBi
RX sensivity
13 -84.692, -87.702 dBm
for QAM64 3/4 & 3.5MHz channel and 1.75MHz channel
14 Receiver feeder loss 0 dB
15 Other connector losses 4 dB
16 CPE Outdoor  
17 Coverage requirement 100 %
Fade Margin for 99.9% reliability ( as per ITU-R P.530
18 10 dB
Recommendation)
19 Distance (d) Max 10 Km
20 EIRP =Tx power +GTx-miscellaneous losses at TX 51.5 dBm
21 Total Gain: EIRP+GRx-Rxfeeder loss 69.5 dB
Erceg Path Loss Model ( recommended model by IEEE 802.16 BWA Team)

Path Loss (PL)= A + 10ξlog(d/d0)+ΔLf+ΔLh+S for d>d0 (d0 =100mtr)

A= 20log(4Πd0/λ) where d0 = 100mtrs Terrain A Terrain B Terrain C

[Hilly [Intermedia [Flat
ξ= (a-b*(Hbs)+ c/(Hbs)) ξ is path-loss exponent  
areas with
moderate
te Terrain
with
terrain
with light
-to-Heavy moderate tree
a,b,c are constants representing certain tree tree density] density]
terrain type. density]

a 4.6 4 3.6
d is the distance between Base Station
b 0.0075 0.0065 0.005
(BS) and Receive antenna (Rx) in meters.
c 12.6 17.1 20
Δ Lf = frequency correction term : = 6*log(f/2000);
f is frequency in MHz
Type C terrain is considered for
Δ Lh= receive antenna height correction term: = Path Loss Model
-10.8log(Hss/2) for Terrain A,B; -20log(Hss/2)
for Terrain C.
S is shadow fading component. (8.2-10.6dB
depending on the terrain and tree density type).
10.6dB for Terrain C
   Link Budget (Down Link) with Erceg Model for Type C Terrain  
Distance A= ξ (Path-loss 10ξ ΔLf = ΔLh= S is Total Path P rx= Calculated Calculated Fade Calculated Fade
(inKm) 20log(4Πd Component) Log(d/ frequency receive shadow Loss Ptx+Gtx+Gr Fade Margin (for Margin (for
o/λ) = (a- d0) antenna fading x-connector Margin (for 3.5MHz, 3.5MHz, BPSK-
b.Hbs+c/Hb correction height compone loss-Path 3.5MHz, QPSK-1/2 1/2 Modulation,
s); term(6 log correction nt. (8.2 loss QPSK-3/4 Modulation, Rx Rx sensitivity
(f/2000) term (- for Type Modulation sensitivity :-102.692
f:inMHz 20log(Hss/2 C , Rx :-99.693 dBm)
) for Terrain terrain). sensitivity dBm)
C.
) :-97.892
dBm)

80.374485 41.1666 46.6206876

1 38 4.116666667 7 0.5725854 -9.542425094 8.2 120.7713123 -51.27131233 7 48.42168767 51.42068767

80.374485 69.9409
5 38 4.116666667 3 0.5725854 -9.542425094 8.2 149.5455775 -80.0455775 17.8464225 19.6474225 22.6464225

80.374485 73.2005 14.5867945

6 38 4.116666667 6 0.5725854 -9.542425094 8.2 152.8052055 -83.30520547 3 16.38779453 19.38679453

80.374485 75.9565 11.8308183

7 38 4.116666667 4 0.5725854 -9.542425094 8.2 155.5611816 -86.06118164 6 13.63181836 16.63081836

80.374485 77.1900 10.5973323

7.5 38 4.116666667 2 0.5725854 -9.542425094 8.2 156.7946677 -87.29466767 3 12.39833233 15.39733233

80.374485 77.4268 10.3605281

7.6 38 4.116666667 3 0.5725854 -9.542425094 8.2 157.0314719 -87.53147187 3 12.16152813 15.16052813

80.374485 77.6605 10.1268194

7.7 38 4.116666667 3 0.5725854 -9.542425094 8.2 157.2651805 -87.76518051 9 11.92781949 14.92681949

80.374485 79.4277 8.35960856

8.5 38 4.116666667 5 0.5725854 -9.542425094 8.2 159.0323914 -89.53239143 6 10.16060857 13.15960857

80.374485 80.4496 7.33770436

9 38 4.116666667 5 0.5725854 -9.542425094 8.2 160.0542956 -90.55429563 9 9.138704369 12.13770437

80.374485 81.4162 6.37106592

9.5 38 4.116666667 9 0.5725854 -9.542425094 8.2 161.0209341 -91.52093408 3 8.172065923 11.17106592

80.374485 82.3333 5.45402100

10 38 4.116666667 3 0.5725854 -9.542425094 8.2 161.937979 -92.43797899 8 7.255021008 10.25402101

For BPSK 1/2, 3.5MHz channel& Rx Sensitivity of -102.692 dBm, 10Km is coverage distance for 99.9% reliability

For QPSK 1/2, 3.5MHz channel& Rx Sensitivity of -99.693 dBm, 8.5Km is coverage distance for 99.9% reliability
Link Budget Calculation (Down Link) for ¾ QAM-64 with Erceg Path Loss Model
Distan A= ξ= (a-b. Hbs log(d/d0) 10ξlog(d/ ΔLf = ΔLh=- s: Path P rx= Fade
ce (in 20log(4Πd +c/ Hbs) d0) 6*log(f/200 20log(Hss/ shadowing Loss(PL)= A Ptx+Gtx+ Margin
Km) o/λ) 0) 2) for Componen + Grx- (in
Terrain C t (Type C 10ξlog(d/d0) connector dB) (for
terrain) +ΔLf+ΔLh+ loss-Path 3/4)
S for d>d0 loss(PL)
80.3744853 0.57258537
-9.54243
0.1 8 4.116666667 0 0 5 10.6 82.00465 -12.50465 72.18735
80.3744853 12.392401 0.57258537
-9.54243
0.2 8 4.116666667 0.30103 5 5 10.6 94.39705 -24.89705 59.79495
80.3744853 0.4771212 19.641491 0.57258537
-9.54243
0.3 8 4.116666667 5 7 5 10.6 101.64614 -32.14614 52.54586
80.3744853 0.6020599 0.57258537
-9.54243
0.4 8 4.116666667 9 24.784803 5 10.6 106.78945 -37.28945 47.40255
80.3744853 28.774265 0.57258537
-9.54243
0.5 8 4.116666667 0.69897 2 5 10.6 110.77891 -41.27891 43.41309
80.3744853 41.166666 0.57258537
-9.54243
1 8 4.116666667 1 7 5 10.6 123.17131 -53.67131 31.02069
80.3744853 53.559068 0.57258537
-9.54243
2 8 4.116666667 1.30103 2 5 10.6 135.56371 -66.06371 18.62829
80.3744853 1.4771212 60.808158 0.57258537
-9.54243
3 8 4.116666667 5 3 5 10.6 142.81280 -73.31280 11.37920
80.3744853 1.6020599 65.951469 0.57258537
-9.54243
4 8 4.116666667 9 6 5 10.6 147.95612 -78.45612 6.23588
80.3744853 69.940931 0.57258537
-9.54243
5 8 4.116666667 1.69897 8 5 10.6 151.94558 -82.44558 2.24642
80.3744853 1.7781512 73.200559 0.57258537
-9.54243
6 8 4.116666667 5 8 5 10.6 155.20521 -85.70521 -1.01321
80.3744853 1.8450980 0.57258537
-9.54243
7 8 4.116666667 4 75.956536 5
For 64QAM-3/4, 3.5MHz channel& Rx Sensitivity of -84.692 dBm, 3Km approx is 10.6 157.96118 for 99.9%
coverage distance -88.46118 -3.76918
reliability
80.3744853 1.9030899 78.343871 0.57258537
Note:
8 The
8 uplink (UL) input power
4.116666667 9 will be lower
1 but sub-channeling
5 and diversity10.6
-9.54243 techniques 160.34852
will enhance the uplink budget,
-90.84852 -6.15652
resulting in a similar performance.
Modulation- Bit rate- Distance of Coverage based on Erceg Path Loss Model
3.5MHz channel 1.75MHz channel
Modulation Rx Max Bit Max Modulati coverage Rx Max Max Modula coverage
Sensitiv rate distance of on % in a cell Sensitivity Bit distance of tion % in a
ity obtainable coverage in covered of (1.75MHz rate coverage covered cell of
(3.5MH (Mbps) Km) with area (in coverage ) obtain (in Km) area (in coverage
z) 99.9% sq km) radius of able with 99.9% sq km) radius of
reliability* in a cell 10Km (Mbps reliability* in a cell 12 Km
of ) of
coverage coverag
radius of e radius
10Km of
12Km
BPSK -1/2 -102.692 1.454 10.00 72.15 27.75 -105.703 0.727 12.00 109.17 29.16
QPSK-1/2 -99.693 2.909 8.50 33.70 12.96 -102.703 1.454 10.10 49.92 13.33
QPSK-3/4 -97.892 4.363 7.70 52.04 20.02 -100.903 2.181 9.10 69.98 18.69
16-QAM-1/2 -92.692 5.818 5.70 31.81 12.23 -95.703 2.909 6.80 45.38 12.12
16-QAM-3/4 -90.892 8.727 5.20 28.70 11.04 -93.903 4.363 6.20 40.04 10.69
64-QAM-2/3 -86.392 11.636 4.00 6.01 2.31 -89.403 5.818 4.80 11.83 3.16
64-QAM-3/4 -84.692 13.09 3.70 35.59 13.69 -87.703 6.545 4.30 48.07 12.84

260.00 100.00 374.40 100.00

* ITU-R P.530 recommendation for reliability is
considered: 10dB of Fade Margin corresponds to
99.9% reliability
Modulation- Bit rate- Distance of Coverage in a WiMAX Cell Site (of 10Km radius and 3.5MHz
channel)

27.75%

12.96%

26.8%

5.45%

11.04%

2.31 %
13.69%
1.454 2.909 4.363 5.818 8.727 11.63 13.09
Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps
3.70 4.0 5.2 5.7 7.7 8.8 10.0
64QAM-3/4 Distance
(Km)
64QAM-2/3
16QAM-3/4

16QAM-1/2

QPSK 3/4

QPSK 1/2

BPSK 1/2
CPE Bandwidth Requirement Calculation

RTU Capacity Calculation: 

Parameter Units Value
Total Coverage area /cell Km2 260
No of RTUs/SqKm Ea 2
Total No of RTUs in the coverage area Ea 520
Downlink Committed Information Rate (CIR) Kbps 56
Uplink Committed Information Rate (CIR) Kbps 56
Total Uplink Capacity Mbps 29.120
Total Downlink Capacity Mbps 29.120
Total Link Throughput (UL+DL Capacity) Mbps 58.240
Base Station (BS) Percentage Utilization Calculation:
% of active RTUs at an instant (assumption) % 90
% of average air time usage by active RTUs
( assumption) % 50
% of usage of Total Bandwidth of BS % 0.45
Over Subscription Factor for all RTUs (OSF or
replication ratio) =(1/(%of usage) ratio 2.222222222
BST Capacity (in Mbps) required by active RTUs
on average [ Total Throughput required]/[OSF] Mbps 26.208
Base Station Capacity Calculation( for 10Km coverage radius and 3.5MHz channel)
Modulation & Coding Scheme % Coverage Data rate, in Mbps %Capacity = (% Coverage x data rate
[From Modulation- for(3.5MHz channel) )
Bit rate-Distance
Coverage Chart]
BPSK -1/2 27.75 1.454 0.8758896
QPSK-1/2 12.96 2.909 0.3770064
QPSK-3/4 26.80 4.363 1.169284
16-QAM-1/2 5.45 5.818 0.317081
16-QAM-3/4 11.04 8.727 0.9634608
64-QAM-2/3 2.31 11.636 0.2687916
64-QAM-3/4 13.69 13.09 1.792021
[Capacity in a Sector (Mbps)] 5.7635344
[Base Station Capacity with 3 sectors (3 x sector capacity) in Mbps] 17.289
Required Bandwidth ( in Mbps) including Oversubscription
26.208
[from CPE bandwidth requirement table]
No of Base Stations required (approx) = (CPE Data Capacity
1.511
requirement) /(Base Station Capacity)

So, 2 Base Stations (1 Capacity BST) is required to cover 260 Sq Km of area (with 99.9%
reliability) to serve 520 CPEs with Committed Information Rate of 56Kbps on each Uplink
and Downlink TDD channel.
Base Station Traffic Capacity and Coverage Distance of WiMAX System
42
40
38
36
Base Station Traffic Capacity ( in Mbps)

34 BST Max capacity (in Mbps) with 3 sectors For 3.5MHz

32
BST Max capacity (in Mbps) with 3 sectors For 1.75Mhz
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Distance from Base Station ( in Km )

 Frequency Reuse Plan options
F3
F1 Co-channel distance
( D ) =R x √ (3x K)
D = 10x√3*3 = F1
F1
30Km 120˚
F1
120 ˚ F2
F3

F3
F1
120˚
F3
F1
F2 120˚ F2

F3
F2
F3
120˚
R=10 KM
F2
F1
120˚ F2

F2 120˚
R=10 KM

Option:1 : Frequency Reuse (C,S,N) with F3

Cluster order 3 & Cell radius of
10Km
C: no of BST s / cluster : 01
S: no of sectors / BST site : 03
N: no of unique RF Channels needed for reuse:
01
Frequency Reuse Pattern: (1,3,1); K: Cluster
Option 2: Frequency Reuse (C,S,N)
C: no of BST s / cluster : 01
Carrier –to –Interference Noise Ratio Ref[11] S: no of sectors / BST site : 03
(C/I) Uplink:
N: no of unique RF Channels needed
(No of sectors)/6 x (D/R)ξ
for reuse : 03
where ξ is path loss component value 4.11 for C Frequency Reuse Pattern: (1,3,3)
type Terrain as per Erceg Path Loss Model
4.116
 CPE Bandwidth Calculation -Example
Geographic Area Size:
No of RTUs in the Oil Field : 85 ; Total area of coverage : 65 Sq Km; Density of RTUs : 1.307 per Sq Km
RTU Capacity Calculation: 
Parameter Units Value
Downlink Committed Information Rate (CIR) Kbps 56
Uplink Committed Information Rate (CIR) Kbps 56
Total Uplink Capacity (No of RTUs x CIR) Mbps 4.760
Total Downlink Capacity (No of RTUs x CIR) Mbps 4.760
Total Link Throughput (UL+DL Capacity) Mbps 9.520
Base Station (BS) Percentage Utilization Calculation:
% of active RTUs at an instant (assumption) % 90
% of average air time usage by active RTUs
( assumption) % 50
% of usage of Total Bandwidth of BS % 0.45
Over Subscription Factor for all RTUs (OSF or
replication ratio) =(1/(%of usage) ratio 2.222222222
BST Capacity (in Mbps) required by active
RTUs on average [ Total Throughput
required]/[OSF] Mbps 4.288

Objective : To design the cell site with 5Km coverage radius and
be able to exceed the data rate requirement of 4.288 Mbps. Then the network is said to be over-subscribed.
 Proposed WiMAX
cell site (Example) :
Base Station:
No of RTUs : 85
Area of Cell site: 65 SqKM
No of Channels /cell :03
Existing Oil Field
Area : 16Sq Km Frequency Reuse Pattern: (1:3:3)

No of RTUs: 50

F1 F3
Base Station

Existing Oil Field

R =5Km
Area :4 Sq Km
No of RTUs: 35
1Km

1Km

F2
Modulation- Bit rate- Distance of Coverage (Example)

Modulation Coding Rx Max Bit Spectral Max distance Modulation coverage % in

Sensitiv rate Efficiency of coverage in covered area a cell of
ity obtainable (bits/sec/Hz Km) with (in sq km) in coverage
(3.5MHz (Mbps) ) 99.9% a cell of radius of 5
) reliability* coverage Km
radius of 5
Km

BPSK -1/2 1/2 -102.692 1.454 0.415428571 10.00 0 0

QPSK-1/2 1/2 -99.693 2.909 0.831142857 8.50 0 0

QPSK-3/4 3/4 -97.892 4.363 1.246571429 7.70 0 0

16-QAM-1/2 1/2 -92.692 5.818 1.662285714 5.70 0 0

16-QAM-3/4 3/4 -90.892 8.727 2.493428571 5.20 23.40 36

64-QAM-2/3 2/3 -86.392 11.636 3.324571429 4.00 6.01 9.24

64-QAM-3/4 3/4 -84.692 13.09 3.74 3.70 35.59 54..76

65 100.00

* ITU-R P.530 recommendation for reliability is considered: 10dB of Fade Margin

corresponds to 99.9% reliability
Base Station Capacity Calculation-Example
Modulation & Coding Scheme % Coverage Data rate, in Mbps %Capacity = (% Coverage x data
[From Modulation- rate )
Bit rate-Distance
Coverage Chart]
BPSK -1/2 0 1.454 0
QPSK-1/2 0 2.909 0
QPSK-3/4 0 4.363 0
16-QAM-1/2 0 5.818 0
16-QAM-3/4 36 8.727 3.1417
64-QAM-2/3 9.24 11.636 1.0751
64-QAM-3/4 54.76 13.09 7.1680
[ Base Station Capacity (per sector)] 11.3849
[Base Station Capacity with 3 sectors (3 x Sector Capacity) in Mbps] 34.15491 *
Required Bandwidth ( in Mbps) including Oversubscription
4.288
[from CPE bandwidth requirement table]
No of Base Stations required (approx) = (CPE Data Capacity
0.248
requirement) /(Base Station Capacity)

So, 1 Base Station is sufficient to cover 65 Sq Km of area (with 99.9% reliability) to

serve 85 CPEs with Committed Information Rate of 56Kbps on each Uplink and
Downlink TDD channel.
* Base Station Capacity is abundant than the required CPE capacity
Available WiMAX system profiles
WiMAX System profiles: Fixed, Mobile & Evolutionary WiMAX
Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX Evolutionary WiMAX
Standard IEEE 802.16-2004 IEEE 802.16e-2005 IEEE 802.16e-2005
Multiplexing OFDM OFDMA OFDM
FFT Size 256 512,1024 256
Duplexing Mode TDD,FDD,HFDD TDD,FDD,HFDD TDD,FDD,HFDD
Modulation BPSK,QPSK,16-QAM,64-QAM QPSK,16-QAM,64-QAM(uplink) BPSK,QPSK,16-QAM,64-
QAM(optional)

Channel Bandwidths 3.5,7,10MHz 5,7,8.75,10MHz 3.5,7MHz

Frequency Bands 3.4-3.6 GHz, 5.7-5.8 GHz 2.3-2.4GHz,2.305-2.320 2.305-2.302 GHz,2.345-2.360

GHz,2.345-2.360GHz,3.3- GHz,3.4-3.6 GHz, 4.9-5.0 GHz
3.4GHz,3.4-3.8GHz
Currently Approved Certification profiles
System profiles Spectrum Duplexing Channel Bandwidth

Fixed WiMAX 3.4-3.6 GHz TDD 3.5 & 7 MHz

(IEEE 802.16-2004,OFDM)
3.4-3.6 GHz FDD 3.5 & 7 MHz
5.725-5.850 GHz TDD 10 MHz

Evolutionary WiMAX 4.935-4.990 GHz TDD 5 MHz

(IEEE 802.16e-2005,OFDM)
Mobile WiMAX 2.3-2.4 GHz TDD 5,10 MHz (dual), 8.75MHz
(IEEE 802.16e-2005, OFDMA)

2.496-2.690 GHz TDD 5, 10MHz(dual)

3.4-3.6 GHz TDD 5,7 MHz

Source: http://www.wimaxforum.org/regulators/profiles/#certification
 References
1. IEEE802.16-2004
2. “Performance Evaluation of Fixed –Wireless Broadband system based on
IEEE 802.16”-Wout Joseph member IEEE,Ghent University, Belgium
3. WiMAX Forum: www.wimaxforum.com
4. Lawrence Harte: Introduction to 802.16 WiMAX –Althos Publishing
house 2006
5. Harry R.Anderson “ Fixed Broadband Wireless System Design” –John Wiley
& Sons -2003
6. WiMAX Forum White Paper: Can WiMAX Address Your Applications?
By Westech Communications OCT 2005
7. SR Telecom - symmetry™ Product Data Sheets.
8. ‘Competitive Potential of WiMAX in Broadband Access Market: A
Techno-Economic Analysis: Timo Smura , Networking Laboratory,
Helsenki University of Technology- Finland.
9. ‘Channel Modes for Fixed Wireless Applications’ V.Erceg et.al, Project:
IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Working Group :dated 2001-07-17.
10. ‘Dimensioning Cellular WiMAX Part 1: Single Hop Networks’ –Christian
Hoyman et al, RWTH Aachen University, Denmark.
Questions ?
Thank You
K.Raghunath