Information Technology Basics: Unit I

VIDYA VIKAS MANDAL SDCCE/ BCom/FYBCom/CA
UNIT I
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY BASICS
Computer Applications
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Information
 Collection of facts gathered through various
means of communication – people,
newspaper, TV, Internet
 Plays a vital role in drawing a conclusion/

making a decision
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Prerequisites of Information
 Information is the processed data, based on
which decisions are taken & subsequent
actions are taken thereafter
 For decisions to be meaningful & useful,
information possess following attributes:

◦ Accurate
◦ Timely
◦ Complete
◦ Precise
◦ Relevant
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 Accurate
◦ To be useful, information must be accurate at all
levels as all further developments are based on
available information
◦ Accurate information provides a reliable & valid

representation of raw facts
◦ Cost of distorted/inaccurate information can be

extremely high
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 Timely
◦ Information is appreciated only if it is available on
time
◦ If made available ahead of time its value may be

diminished
◦ Whereas, availability after the due time may have no

significance
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 Complete
◦ Without complete information, a decision maker
may get a distorted view of reality
◦ Information needs to comprehensively cover the

issue or topic of interest
◦ For eg: incomplete market surveys can lead

producers to introduce products & services not
desired by customers resulting in huge losses
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 Precise
◦ Apart from being complete, Information must be
precise containing all the essential elements of the
relevant subject areas
◦ Usually a large amount of data needs to be gathered
◦ information providers need to put efforts to

generate summarised & precise information from it
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 Relevant
◦ Information is relevant if it can be applied to a
specific situation, problem or issue of interest
◦ For eg: operation managers need information on

cost and productivity
◦ Whereas marketing managers need information on

sales projections & advertising rates
◦ On the other hand, product inventory information is

not relevant to a payroll manager
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Need for Information

 Some of the common needs for information
are:
◦ Decision Making:
◦ Required for every job or task
◦ Is the process of identifying, selecting &

implementing the best possible alternative
◦ Right information, in the right form, at the right

time is essential to make correct decisions
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 Some of the common needs for information
are:
◦ Communication:
◦ Information is important for communication
◦ Is a critical resource for performing work in

organisations
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 Some of the common needs for information are:
◦ Knowledge:
◦ Information plays a vital role in accumulation of

knowledge
◦ In a competitive environment, efficient use of

information & knowledge has become a major
constituent for growth & survival of an organisation
◦ For achieving higher levels of success, one must be

well informed & have clarity of information
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 Some of the common needs for information are:
◦ Productivity
◦ Productivity is directly related to the availability, value &

application of information in the related context
◦ Organizations need to ensure that their information

processing systems are properly integrated
◦ They also need to ensure that necessary information is

being supplied to the right people at the right time
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Technology
 Human innovation
◦ that involves generation of knowledge & processes
◦ To develop systems capable of solving problems &

extending human capabilities
 Helps us to save time & energy by providing

convenience at work
 Is widely used as a part of our day-to-day

lives
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Advantages of Technology
 Makes work easy
◦ Technology has provided many advanced
appliances & gadgets that make work easy
 Fast
◦ Using technology, results are obtained at a fast
speed eg: washing machines, cell phones, digital
cameras, in automobiles
 Helpful in performing creative work

◦ Useful in doing constructive work in various areas
◦ Eg: editing images, 3D animation
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What is Information Technology??
INFOR TECH
MATI + NOLO
ON GY
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
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Information Technology Defined

 Combination of telecommunications &
computing
 To obtain/gather, process, store, transmit &

output information in the form of text, voice
& pictures
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Components of IT
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Components of IT
 Components essential in proper functioning of
a system in IT
Hardware : physical components that form a
computing system (PC, Laptop, tablet,
smartphones)
◦ Egs include monitor, keyboard, mouse, CPU,
memory…
Software : set of instructions in the form of programs

which control the sequence of operations(tasks)
◦ Egs include Office, Tally, Photoshop, Sound Editors,
Operating Systems
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Components of IT (contd..)
 Data: unprocessed collection of raw facts, concepts

or instructions
◦ Gathered for the purpose of communication, interpretation or
processing of tasks
◦ May or may not have a meaning on its own
◦ Egs include text, numbers, sound, image
People: play an important role in IT

◦ They perform various functions with the help of
hardware & software to produce the desired output
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Data
●
Includes basic facts & entities
●
May or may not have a meaning unless processed
●
Egs: names, date, price, marks, photograph, sound
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Types of Data
Text : any human readable sequence of

characters i.e alphabets, special characters
Apps used– Word processors, Pagemaker
Numeric : Includes numbers from

0-9
Apps used - Spreadsheets,
Calculator, Accounting Packages
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Types of Data
Graphics: Includes photographs,
graphs, drawings and designs
Apps used – Paint, Photoshop,
Coreldraw
Sound: Includes Music, Speech, Sound
effects
Apps used- Media Player, Creative
wave studio, Windows sound recorder
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Types of Data
Videos & Animation : Includes
movies, Advertisements, cartoons, games,
Audio-visual presentations
Apps used – Movie Maker, Flash,
3D studio Max
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Data Representation in a computer

 Number System:
◦ Defines a set of values used to represent
‘quantity’
◦ Can be categorised as
 Non-positional number systems

 where fingers, stones, pebbles, sticks are
used for counting or to indicate values
 Difficult to do calculations for large numbers
 Eg: Roman number system, tally marking
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Number system
 Positional number systems
 Requires a finite number of
symbols/digits to represent a value
 Value of each digit in a number is
defined by the symbol & symbol’s
position
 Decimal number system originated in
India; is the most popular positional
number system being used
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Base (Radix):
◦ Positional number systems are associated
with a base/radix
◦ it is the number of admissible
digits/characters in a given number
system
◦ Indicated by a subscript for eg: (7590)10
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Types of number systems
Decimal
●
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
●
Base -10 (305)10
Binary
●
0,1
●
Base -2 (10110)2
Octal 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
●
●
Base -8 (76)8
0-9, A,B,C,D,E,F
Hexadecimal
●
●
Base -16 (13F8)16
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 Conversion –Decimal to binary and vice versa

 8421 code
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Representation of character data

 Coding schemes
◦ Computers process numbers, alphabets & special
characters
◦ However, Computers can only understand numbers
◦ Binary number system is used by computers &
other digital equipment to represent data (i.e 0 & 1)
◦ To represent character data in a computer
understandable format, binary codes are used
◦ In a binary code, every character is represented by a
combination of bits that is unique
◦ Most commonly used coding schemes are: ASCII &
Unicode
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VIDYA VIKAS MANDAL
ASCII – American Standard Code for

SDCCE/ BCom/FYBCom/CA
Information Interchange
 ASCII code is the numerical representation of
a character
 Is the most popular & widely supported
character encoding standard in

microcomputers
 A 8 bit code that can represent 256 different
characters; includes digits, alphabets, special

characters & non-printable characters
 Popular in data communication
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Unicode
 Universal character encoding standard
 32 bit code that provides a unique number for
every character, no matter what the platform,
no matter what the program, no matter what
the language
 Defines codes for characters used in all major
languages of the world, mathematical &
technical symbols
 Also has inbuilt feature to support presentation
of text with bi-directional behavior i.e
combination of english & arabic text
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Unicode
 Support for Indian languages is in-built into

most operating systems
 Each language has a default keyboard
available in most OS’s
 Phonetic Keyboard: software which can help

map the keys of English & regional language
so that it is convenient to use
 For eg: Key ‘M’ to key ‘म’.
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Components of IT
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Parts of a Computer
 Parts of a Computer
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What is Software?
 refers to a collection of programs
 Program is a sequence of instructions
written in a language understood by a

computer
 Instructions control the sequence of

operations performed by a computer to
complete a given task
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Related terms
 Collection of related programs  software
package
 Software package -- group of programs that
solve a specific problem or perform a specific
type of job
 It provides the user a precise functionality
 Eg: word processing package contains programs

for text editing, text formatting, drawing
graphics, spell check, grammar check etc.
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Relationship between Hardware and

Software:
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Relationship between Hardware and Software

(contd…)
 At the center is the hardware layer

consisting of all the physical components
that make up the computer
 Surrounding the h/w is the system software
layer that comprises of the operating &

programming environment
 It hides the h/w details of the system from
the users and co-ordinates the operations of

various h/w devicesComputer Applications
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Relationship between Hardware and

Software (contd…)
 Application s/w layer consists of a wide

range of application s/w
 User layer consists of user interfaces
provided by different application s/w

 The way the user interacts with the
system depends on which application

he/she is using
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Types of s/w
System s/w Application s/w
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System Software
 set of one or more programs designed
to control the operations of the
computer system
 It performs one or more of the following
functions:
◦ Monitors effective use of various h/w
resources such as CPU, memory, I/O devices
◦ Helps the h/w components work together
◦ Provides support for development and
execution of application s/w
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Some commonly known types of system

s/w are:
1) Operating Systems
2) Programming languages & translator
softwares
3) Utility Programs
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Operating ●
Takes care of effective and efficient
utilization of all h/w and s/w
Systems components of the computer system
Programmin Transforms the instructions written in a

●
programming language into a form that

g Language can be interpreted and executed by a
Translators computer system
Utility Set of programs that help users in

●
system maintenance tasks such as
Programs
taking backups , formatting of disks,
antivirus s/w, data compression etc.
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APPLICATION S/W
 group of programs that solve a specific problem
or perform a specific data processing job
 are available for a wide range of applications
 range from simple applications such as word
processing, inventory management, banking,
Hospital Administration, spreadsheet software
 to complex scientific and engineering
applications such as weather forecasting, oil
exploration, design of complex structures such as
aircrafts, bridges etc.
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Operating Systems
 Collection of complex programs that control
the operations of a computer
 It has 2 objectives:
◦ Control & manage hardware

◦ Provide an interface to the user
 Different types of OS’s are:

◦ PC OS
◦ Mobile/Handheld OS
◦ Online/Web OS
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Functions of OS
 Manage & co-ordinate between various

resources like processor, memory, disks, I/O
devices, programs & data files
 Provides interface between user and h/w
 Makes computer easy to use by hiding h/w
details
 Provides consistent way for applications to
deal with h/w
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Functions of OS (contd..)
 Handles memory space as required by programs

 Creation & deletion of files, organizing, storing ,
retrieving, naming & protecting files

 Handles communications between application
programs and I/O devices

 Protects resources from damage & unauthorized
use
 Handles error, notifies users about any problem
Egs: DOS, Windows, Macintosh, Unix, Linux
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Thank You
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VIDYA VIKAS MANDAL SDCCE/ BCom/FYBCom/CA

 Plays a vital role in drawing a conclusion/

information possess following attributes:

◦ Accurate information provides a reliable & valid

◦ Cost of distorted/inaccurate information can be

◦ If made available ahead of time its value may be

◦ Whereas, availability after the due time may have no

◦ Information needs to comprehensively cover the

◦ For eg: incomplete market surveys can lead

◦ Usually a large amount of data needs to be gathered

◦ information providers need to put efforts to

◦ For eg: operation managers need information on

◦ Whereas marketing managers need information on

◦ On the other hand, product inventory information is

Need for Information

◦ Required for every job or task

◦ Is the process of identifying, selecting &

◦ Right information, in the right form, at the right

Need for Information

◦ Information is important for communication

◦ Is a critical resource for performing work in

Need for Information

◦ Information plays a vital role in accumulation of

◦ In a competitive environment, efficient use of

◦ For achieving higher levels of success, one must be

Need for Information

◦ Productivity is directly related to the availability, value &

◦ Organizations need to ensure that their information

◦ They also need to ensure that necessary information is

◦ To develop systems capable of solving problems &

 Helps us to save time & energy by providing

 Is widely used as a part of our day-to-day

 Helpful in performing creative work

What is Information Technology??

Information Technology Defined

 To obtain/gather, process, store, transmit &

Software : set of instructions in the form of programs

 Data: unprocessed collection of raw facts, concepts

People: play an important role in IT

Text : any human readable sequence of

Numeric : Includes numbers from

Data Representation in a computer

 Non-positional number systems

Types of number systems

 Conversion –Decimal to binary and vice versa

Representation of character data

ASCII – American Standard Code for

character encoding standard in

characters; includes digits, alphabets, special

 Support for Indian languages is in-built into

 Phonetic Keyboard: software which can help

written in a language understood by a

 Instructions control the sequence of

 Eg: word processing package contains programs

Relationship between Hardware and

Relationship between Hardware and Software

 At the center is the hardware layer

layer that comprises of the operating &

the users and co-ordinates the operations of

Relationship between Hardware and

 Application s/w layer consists of a wide

provided by different application s/w

system depends on which application