“ DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ,,

DIPTIKANTA PANDA
Regd no:0801214250(A2)
Electrical Engineering.
 OUTLINES
 Introduction.
 DC suppliers.
 AC suppliers.
 Types of Distribution System.
 Voltage drop in Dc & Ac Distributors.
 Advantages.
 Disadvantages.
 Application.
 Conclusion.
 References.
 INTRODUCTION
 AC 3-ph ,4-wire system is the standard
distribution system all over the world.
 It required very small volumes of
conductors materials compared to other
systems.
 In this case every system requires one
conductor to be grounded and referred as
neutral.
 Since majority of the lines are overhead ,
the comparison is restricted to only
overhead lines.
 DC suppliers
 Dc 2-wire systems.
-> In this case the neutral acts as the
return conductors & carries the same
current as the positive conductor.
 Dc 3-wire systems.

-> Here the neutral are of opposite

polarity , the current flow in the outer
conductors is in opposite direction.
-> For a balanced system the current in
the neutral conductor is zero.
 AC Suppliers
 1-ph AC
->Here the peak voltages between the
conductors is ‘v’ , the rms voltage is
0.707v.
 3-ph,4-wire AC

->Here the voltage between each ph

conductor & neutral is 0.707v.
->The balanced system contains no current in
the neutral.
 AC 3-ph,4-wire

-> Here the neutral wire being necessary to

supply the 1-ph loads.
->Large residential & commercial area used
this.
PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS:

 Radial feeder.

 Parallel feeder.

 Load feeder.

 Primary feeder.
SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
 3-Ph ,4-wire 400 v distributors.

 Its also Radial ,open loop & N/W

distribution.

 It is the simplest & the least

expensive system but has the poorest
service reliability.

 A N/W or grid system of

distribution consists of a no of
interconnected distributors.
VOLTAGE DROP IN DC DISTRIBUTORS

 Distributor fed at one end.

 Uniformly distributed load.

 Concentrated & Distributed Loads.

 Distributor fed at both ends.

 Ring main distributor.

VOLTAGE DROP IN AC DISTRIBUTORS

 Uniformly power factor loads.

 Loads of different power
Factors.
 Uniformly Distributed Load.
 Both concentrated & Distributed
Loads.
 Uniformly Distributed Load at
both ends.
 Unbalanced Loading.
 ADVANTAGES
 Reduction in circuit current.
 Increase in voltage level at load.
 Improvement in voltage regulation
 If capacitors are properly switched.
 Reduction in I2R losses in the system.
 Reduction in KVA loading of generators ,
transformer & lines.
 Reduction in demand charges for
consumers.
 Reduction in system investment per KW of
load supplied.
 DISADVANTAGES
 Corona losses occur.
 An ac line requires more copper
than a dc line.
 The construction of an ac line is
more complicated than a dc
transmission line.
 Due to skin effect in the ac system
the effective resistance of the line
is increased.
 APPLICATION
 Obtain data of circuit parameters and
load distributions.
 Calculate the reduction in losses in
the system because of addition of
capacitors.
 Calculate the release in transformer
capacity , feeder capacity & substation
capacity.
 Conclusion
 At last we concluded that only large
consumers are directly fed from
distribution voltage.
 Most utility customers are connected
to a transformer.
 Each customers has an ”electrical
service” or “service drop “ connection
and a meter for billing.
 The purpose of grounding is to limit
the high voltage accidents.
 Reference:
 IEEE Red Book
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ,by
B.R. Gupta.
 www.google.com
 www.acessmylibrary.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.seminarreports.com
 SAVE ENERGY

THANK YOU

Diptikanta Panda
Regd no.-0801214250(A2)