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 FREQUENCY AND CAPACIT
Y PLANNING

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 GSM FREQUENCY BAND

SYSTEM P-GSM 900 E-GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900

Frequencies
- Uplink 890 - 915 MHz 880 - 915 MHz 1710 - 1785 MHz 1850 - 1910 MHz
- Downlink 935 - 960 MHz 925 - 960 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz
Wavelength ~33 cm ~33 cm ~17 cm ~16 cm
Bandwidth 25 MHz 35 MHz 75 MHz 60 MHz
Duplex Distance 45 MHz 45 MHz 95 MHz 80 MHz
Carrier Separation 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
Radio Channels 124 174 374 299

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 GSM CHANNEL NUMBERING
 GSM900
• GSM900: FU(n) = 890 + 0.2n MHz
FD(n) = Fu(n) + 45 MHz ， 1  n  124
124 Channels
• E-GSM900 FU(n) = 890 + 0.2(n-1024)
FD(n) = Fu(n) + 45 MHz ， 974  n  1023
49 Channels
n = Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFC
N)
 GSM1800
Fu(n) = 1710.2 + 0.2(n-512) MHz
ZTE University F D (n) = Fl(n) + 95 MHz ， 512
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 n  885
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 FREQUENCY RE-USE

Frequency reuse is referred to as the same

frequency is reused after a certain distance in
cellular wireless system. Generally, a limited
frequency band is divided into many groups, each
containing a few carriers, which are in turn assigned
to adjacent cells.

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 FREQUENCY RE-USE

Basic Concept:

–Frequency Reuse Cluster

–Frequency Reuse Factor
–Frequency Reuse Distance
–C/I and C/A

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 FREQUENCY RE-USE DISTANCE

•The following equation is used to estimate

frequency reuse distance:
D= 3N * R

D —— frequency reuse distance

R —— cell radius
N - frequency reuse factor. N=9 for “3  3”
N=12 for “4  3”
• For “3/9” frequency reuse, D=5.2R
• For “4/12” frequency reuse, D=6R
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 DEFINITION OF C/I AND C/A

 Co-channel Interference C/I ：

C/I refers to the interference of another cell
using the same frequency to the current cell. The
ratio of carrier to interference is called C/I.
GSM specification regulates that C/I >9dB. In
implementing, it requires C/I>12dB.
 Adjacent channel interference C/A
C/A refers to interference of adjacent cell to
the current cell. The ratio is called C/A. The GSM
specification regulates that C/A>-9dB.

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 CALCULATION OF C/I

Where, Pown_cell is the signal strength of current cell;

Pi_BCCH is BCCH signal strength of interfering cell i
measured by MS.

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 Frequency Reuse

 Ordinary frequency reuse: “43”, “33” and more

close “26” and “13”.
 MRP: different layers adopt different frequency reuse
patterns.
 Concentric: the Underlay and Overlay adopt different
frequency reuse patterns respectively.

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 4 X 3 FREQUENCY RE-USE PATTERN

D3 A1 C2 C3 B1 D2

C1 A2 A3 D1 B2 B3 C1

C3 B1 D2 D3 A1 C2 C3

A1 B2 B3 C1 A2 A3 D1

D2 A1 C2 C3 B1 D2
A1 D3

• “4  3” frequency reuse pattern is that each site is divided into 3 sector. 12 frequencies
form a group which are distributed to 4 different sites. Each site owns 3 frequencies.

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 3 X 3 FREQUENCY RE-USE PATTERN

B3 A1 B2 B3 A1 B2

C1 A2 A3 C1 A2 A3 C1

C3 B1 C2 C3 B1 C2 C3

A1 B2 B3 A1 B2 B3 A1

A3 C1 A2 A3 C1 A2
A1 A3

• “3  3” frequency reuse pattern is that each site is divided into 3 sector. 9 frequencies
form a group which are distributed to 3 different sites. Each site owns 3 frequencies.

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 3 X 3 FREQUENCY RE-USE PATTERN

TRX A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

3 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

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 MRP
• It’s unreasonable to adopts idealized and regular frequency
reuse pattern indiscriminately, which will cause low frequency
utilization rate and difficult to ensure the C/I requirement.
• Multiple frequency Reuse Pattern (MRP) is an irregular and
dynamic frequency reuse mode designed according to GSM
features.
• That is, dividing frequency band into different combinations,
each combination adopting different frequency reuse pattern.
Each carrier of a cell may adopts different frequency reuse
pattern.

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 MRP

Bandwidth=6 MHz

BCCH FRF=12
TCH1 FRF=9
TCH2
FRF=6 For Microcell
FRF:Frequency Reuse Factor

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 MRP Characters
 Increase network capacity greatly and decrease average
frequency reuse factor to 8, thus increasing frequency
reuse efficiency greatly.
 Flexible channel allocation. Different frequency reuse
pattern may be adopted step by step according to capacity
requirement.
 Some carriers can be released for micro-cells.
 Should combine with FH, DPC and DTX to lower
interference.
 Especially for sites distributed unevenly.

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 Concentric

2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2

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 Concentric

• The principle of ordinary concentric is that a cell is divided

into underlay and overlay,
• The coverage of Underlay is the same as that of ordinary
cell, while the Overlay use small transmitting power and
thus has smaller coverage.
• The frequency reuse factor of overlay differs from that of
underlay.
• The BCCH and SDCCH are used by Underlay, in which the
call will be set up.
• A brand new switching algorithm should be added.

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 Concentric

• The absorbing of traffic by overlay is limited by traffic lay-out

and coverage. It will increase the capacity by 10-30% and is
related to traffic distribution.
• The overlay is more suitable for outdoor traffic concentrated
in the vicinity of BTSs because of its smaller transmitting
power.
• On the condition that the network quality will not be
affected, a closer frequency reuse pattern should be
adopted. At the same time, DPC and DTX technology
should be adopted to ensure network quality.

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 C/I-based Concentric IUO

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2

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 IUO (intelligent underlay overlay)

• IUO has the same network structure as ordinary

concentric, consisting of Overlay and Underlay.
• In general, the two layers share the same site and
antenna. Similar to ordinary cell, the Underlay adopts 4*3
frequency reuse pattern, while the Overlay adopts closer
pattern.
• Same like ordinary concentric, the control channel
functions within Underlay where calls are established.

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 IUO
• Different from ordinary concentric, the Underlay and
Overlay of IUO both use the same transmitting power.
• Because the Overlay adopts closer frequency reuse
pattern, the chances of co-channel and adjacent channel
interference increase.
• IUO adopts a handover algorithm based on C/I to solve this
problem.
• It functions as follows: the call is established within
Underlay, the BSC continuously monitor the downward C/I
in Overlay. When C/I reaches applicable threshold, the call
will be handed over to Overlay. At the same time, the C/I is
monitored continuously and the call will be handed over to
Underlay if it deteriorates to inapplicable threshold.
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 IUO

• The implementation of IUO is easy. Little modification is

needed and no special requirement to MSs.
• Because of adopting special algorithm on handing over,
measurement and estimation on C/I, the speech quality
can be guaranteed while increasing the system capacity.
• Because both Underlay and Overlay have the same
transmitting power, it’s very suitable for absorbing traffic
inside building which has a strong isolation capability to
radio signal.

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 Capacity of C/I Based Concentric
Technology
 Capacity comparison with “4x3”pattern ：
Grade of Service (GOS) ： 2 %
Per subscriber traffic at busy hour ： 0.03 Erl
Bandwidth: 6M
Overlay adopts “4x3” pattern
Underlay 1x3

Underlay 2x3

Underlay 3x3

Standard 4X3

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Subsc./bts
2TRXs Overlay 1TRXs Overlay All overlay
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