Acids and Bases

Md.Safwat x Riesaf Hossain

XI C
Acids
An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ion, H+, in aqueous solution

How to understand and Identify an acid?

1. Acids have a sour taste. 
2. Acids dissolve in water to form solutions which conducts electricity
3. Acids turn blue litmus paper red
4. Acids react with reactive metals to form a salt and hydrogen gas
Metal + acid salt +hydrogen

5. Acids react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to form a salt, water and carbondioxide
Carbonate + acid salt + water + carbon dioxide

6. Acids react with metal oxides and hydroxides to form a salt and water only
Metal oxide +acid salt + water

Not all metals react with acid , unreactive metals like copper or silver does not react with dilute acid
 Acids Hydrochloric acid HCL hydrochloric acid
HBr Hydrobromic acid
Types of acids HI Hydroiodic acid
HClO₄ Perchloric acid
Strong acid- this kind of acids ionized completely in water HNO₃ Nitric acid
 
HIO₄ Periodic acid
H₂SO₄ Sulfuric acid

Weak acid- this kind of acids ionizes partially in water,

most are found in daily life acetic acid CH3COOH
(ethanoic acid)
Citric acid formic acid HCOOH
hydrocyanic acid HCN
hydrofluoric acid HF
hydrogen sulfide H2S
Acedic acid trichloracetic acid CCl3COOH
ionization- convert (an atom, molecule, or substance) into an ion or ions, typically by removing one or more electrons
Acid Mn

s hydrogen chloride exists as covalent

molecules when dissolved. In an organic
Role of Acid in water solvent. It does not ionize to produce
hydrogen ions. Since no hydrogen ions are
produced, there is no reaction with
Hydrogen chloride ionizes into magnesium
  chloride
Hydrogen ions (h+) and CL

ions (CL-) when dissolved in Cl

water
CL
Cl-

Cl Hydrogen chloride in organic solvent

hydrogen chloride in water -

Magnesium ribbon
Magnesium ribbon

H+ H
Bases
A base is any metal oxide or hydroxide that reacts with an acid to make a salt and water

Properties of Bases
 

1. They have a bitter taste and feel soapy

2. Alkalis turn red litmus paper blue
3. Alkalis react with acids to form a salt and water only.
alkali + acid salt + water
4. Alkalis, when heated with ammonium salts, give off ammonia gas
Alkali + ammonium salt Salt + water + ammonium

5. Alkalis react with a solution of one metal salt to give another metal salt and
metal hydroxide
Alkali + salt Salt + metal hydroxide

alkalis are the bases which is soluble to water. Ex-

Sodium oxide + water sodium hydroxide
 BASES
SOME COMMON USES OF BASES
SOME COMMON

1. Calcium Hydroxide is used

  to reduce acid in soil
2. Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are used in the preparation of soap
3. Ammonia solution is used to make fertilisers.
4. Ammonium hydroxide is used as a cleaning agent.
Some important reaction of acid and bases
Acids

1. Metal + acid = salt + hydrogen

magnesium + dilute sulfuric acid magnesium sulphate + hydrogen
potassium + dilute sulfuric acid potassium sulphate + hydrogen
2. Carbonate + acid = salt + water + carbon dioxide
Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + water carbondioxide
3. Metal oxide + acid salt + water
zinc oxide + sulpuric acid zinc sulphate + water

Bases

1. Alkali + Acid = Salt + water

sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid sodium chloride + water

2. Alkali + ammonium
Calcium hydroxide salt
+ ammonium = salt + water
chloride calcium + ammonia
chloride + water + ammonia

3. Alkali + salt = salt+ metal hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide + iron(II) sulphate sodium sulphate iron (II)hydroxide
The pH Scale
The pH Scale is a set of numbers from 0 to 14 which
is used to indicate whether a solution is acidic,
neutral or alkaline

The higher the pH the lower the acidity, Acidity

increases as the pH number decreases

To measure the pH of a substance a pH sensor or

most importantly universal indicator may be used

Its important to understand pH as its helps us to

maintain the acidity in different situations ,such as,
Maintaining acidity in swimming pool, soil for plant
growth, in injections to maintain the pH in our
Blood…
Types of O x i d e s