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 Learning Objectives

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 3.1 Describing Variation
Stem-and-Leaf Display

Easy to find percentiles of the data; see page 67

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 Plot of Data in Time Order
Marginal plot
produced by
MINITAB

Also called a run chart

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 Histograms – Useful for large data sets

Group values of the variable into bins, then count the number of
observations that fall into each bin
Plot frequency (or relative frequency) versus the values of the variable

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 Additional Minitab Graphs

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Numerical Summary of Data
Sample average:

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 The Standard Deviation

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The Box Plot (or Box-and-Whisker Plot)

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Comparative Box Plots

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Probability Distributions

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 Sometimes called a Sometimes called a
probability mass function probability density function

Will see many examples in the text

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 The mean is the point at which the distribution exactly “balances”.

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 The mean is not necessarily the 50th percentile of the distribution
(that’s the median)
The mean is not necessarily the most likely value of the random
variable (that’s the mode)

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3.2 Important Discrete Distributions
The Hypergeometric Distribution

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 Discrete distributions are used frequently in designing acceptance
sampling plans – see Chapter 15

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 The Binomial Distribution
Basis is in Bernoulli trials

The random variable x is the number of successes out of n Bernoulli

trials with constant probability of success p on each trial
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Binomial Distributions

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 The Poisson Distribution

Frequently used as a model for count data

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 The Negative Binomial Distribution

The random variable x is the number of Bernoulli trials upon

which the rth success occurs
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 •The negative binomial distribution is also sometimes
called the Pascal distribution
•When r = 1 the negative binomial distribution is known as
the geometric distribution
• The geometric distribution has many useful applications
in SQC

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Geometric Distribution

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 3.3 Important Continuous Distributions
The Normal Distribution

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 The Central Limit Theorem

Practical interpretation – the sum of independent random variables is

approximately normally distributed regardless of the distribution of each
individual random variable in the sum
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 The Lognormal Distribution

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 The Exponential Distribution

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 Relationship between the Poisson and exponential distributions

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Lack-of-memory property

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 The Gamma Distribution

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 When r is an integer, the gamma distribution is the result of summing r independently and
identically exponential random variables each with parameter λ.
The gamma distribution has many applications in reliability engineering.

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 The Weibull Distribution

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 When β = 1, the
Weibull reduces to
the exponential

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An Application of the Weibull Distribution

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 3.4 Probability Plots

• Determining if a sample of data might reasonably

be assumed to come from a specific distribution
• Probability plots are available for various
distributions
• Easy to construct with computer software
(MINITAB)
• Subjective interpretation

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 Normal Probability Plot

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The Normal Probability Plot on Standard Graph Paper

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Other Probability Plots
• What is a reasonable choice as a probability model for these data?

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3.5 Some Useful Approximations

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