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PIPES
 A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder used mainly
to convey substances which can flow.
 Pipes come in several types and sizes. They can be divided
into three main categories: metallic pipes, cement pipes and
plastic pipes. Metallic pipes include steel pipes, galvanised
iron pipes and cast iron pipes. Cement pipes include concrete
cement pipes and asbestos cement pipes. Plastic pipes
include plasticised polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes, cross-
liked polyethylene (PEX) pipes.
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STEEL PIPES
Steel pipes are comparatively expensive, but they are the strongest
and most durable of all water supply pipes.
GALVANIZED STEEL OR IRON PIPES
Galvanized steel or iron is the traditional piping material in the
plumbing industry for the conveyance of water and wastewater.
Although still used throughout the world, its popularity is declining.
CAST IRON PIPES
Cast iron pipes are quite stable and well suited for high water pressure. However, cast
iron pipes are heavy, which makes them unsuitable for inaccessible places due to
transportation problems.
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CONCRETE CEMENT AND ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES
Concrete cement pipes are expensive but non-corrosive by nature.
Their advantage is that they are extremely strong and durable.
However, being bulky and heavy, they are harder and more costly to
handle, install and transport.
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POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PIPES(PVC)
PVC pipes are non-corrosive, extremely light and thus easy to handle and transport.
Still, they are strong and come in long lengths thus lower installation/transportation costs.
However, they are prone to physical damage if exposed over ground and become brittle
when exposed to ultraviolet light.
CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE (PEX)
Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) tubing is a plastic material used for water supply piping
systems. The product offers several advantages over copper, PVC, and galvanized steel
plumbing pipes. PEX is flexible and easier to install than a rigid pipe, and it offers high
heat-resistance and long-term durability
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FITTINGS
A pipe fitting is used in plumbing system to join
multiple pipes of same size or different sizes, to
regulate the flow or to measure the flow. They are made
up of different materials like copper, iron, brass, PVC
etc.

Various types of pipe fittings are available in plumbing

systems for different purposes and functions.
ELBOW PIPE FITTINGS
Elbows are used to change the direction of flow between two pipes.
Elbows are generally available with an angle of 22.5o, 45o and 90o. If
pipes are of same diameter then normal elbows are used otherwise
Reducer elbows are used.
REDUCER PIPE FITTINGS
• Reducer is a pipe fitting component which reduces the flow size from larger to
smaller by reducing size of pipe. Usually there are two types of reducers are
available.
• Concentric reducer which is like cone shaped with gradual decreasing around the
pipe but in this case accumulation of air may possible and it results in cavitation.
• Eccentric reducer which is having one edge parallel to connecting pipe due to
which air accumulation is not possible.
TEE TYPE PIPE FITTING
Tee type fitting is a component of plumbing system which is in T-
shape. It is having one inlet and two outlets, outlets are arranged at
90o to the main line connection (inlet). It can also be used to combine
the flow from two inlets to one outlet. 
CROSS TYPE
Cross type fittings contains 4 opening in 4 directions. These are
connected when there are 4 pipes are meeting at a point. 
COUPLING
A coupling is used to connect the pipes of same diameter. Coupling are also useful if the
pipe is broken or leakage occurs. Generally there are two types of couplings available.
Compression coupling and slip coupling.
Compression coupling is regular coupling which is connected between two pipes and it
prevents leakage by the arrangement of gaskets or rubber seals on both sides, otherwise
glue is provided.
Slip coupling is easier to install and it contains two pipes which are arranged as one into
other, inner pipe can slide up to some length. So, we can fix long length damaged pipe by
slip coupling.
UNIONS
Union is a type of fitting, which functions as similar to coupling. But coupling cannot be
removed after fixing but in this case we can remove the union whenever we needed.
Unions consists of nut, male and female ended threads. 
ADAPTORS
If the pipes are not having special ends or plain ends then adaptors make them threaded
either male or female whichever is needed. Adopters are generally used for copper and
PVC pipes. 
OLET
Olets are used when there is standard sizes of fittings are not suitable for our requirement.
Sometimes the inlet pipe size is larger compared to outlet pipes in t-sections then Olets
are used.
PLUG AND CAP FITTINGS
Plug is a component of plumbing component which is generally used to close pipe
opening during inspections and repairs.
Cap is a type of pipe fitting which function is same as plug but the only difference is
plug contain male threads and cap contain female threads which is screws on the male
thread of pipe.
VALVES PIPE FITTINGS
Valves are components of plumbing system which are used to stop or regulate flow of
fluid in its path. Different types of valves are available depending up on their
applications.
• Gate valve, plug valve and Ball valve – used for isolation only
Globe valve – used for throttling
Check valve – used for preventing reverse flow (non-return)
Butterfly valve and Diaphragm valve
– used for isolation as well as throttling
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JOINTS
Pipe joints in water supply are major components of
plumbing system provided to connect multiple pipes. There
are several types of pipe joints, but their selection depends
on pipe sizes, material and flow pressure etc..
TYPES OF PIPE JOINTS IN PLUMBING
Different types of pipe joints used in plumbing system are as follows.
• Threaded joint
• Brazed joint
• Soldered joint
• Welded joint (butt welded, socket welded)
• Flanged joint
• Compression joint
• Grooved joint
THREADED JOINT
Threaded joint means, pipes are connected by screwing with the help
of threads provided for each pipe. One pipe having internal threads and
the other one having threads externally. Cast iron pipes, copper pipes,
PVC and G.I pipes are available with threads.
BRAZED AND SOLDERED JOINT
Brazing is the process of jointing pipes using molten filler material at above 840 oC.
Brazing is generally used for joining copper pipes or copper alloy pipes. The filler
material majorly consist tin which has great affinity towards copper.
Soldering is also similar to brazing but the only difference is in case of soldering the
filler metal melts at below 840oC. Soldering also used to joint copper and copper alloy
pipes. Before proceeding to soldering flux called paste is applied to pipes and fittings to
prevent them from oxidation from flame.
BUTT WELDED AND SOCKET WELDED JOINT
• When the pipes are of same diameter butt welding is to done to join
the pipes. It is the most common type of welding.
• Socket welded joints are used wherever there is a high chance of
leakage in joints. Pipes are connected as putting one into other as
shown below.
FLANGED JOINT IN PIPE
Flanged joints are used for high pressure flows and for large diameter
pipes. In general they are used for plain end pipes or threaded pipes.
Two flange components are connected by bolts at the pipe joint to
prevent leakage.
COMPRESSION JOINT IN PIPE
When the pipes have plain ends they are joined by installing some
fittings at their ends then that type of joint is called compression joint.
The pipe ends will be fitted with a threaded fittings or couplings hence
they are connected.
GROOVED JOINT IN PIPE
In case of grooved joint, the pipe ends consist grooved edges which are
connected by elastomer seal and then ductile iron made grooved couplings are
used as lock for elastomer seal. This grooved couplings are connected by bolts.
These joints are easy to install and economical.
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