Vitamin & Koenzyme

Some enzymes require no chemical groups for activity other

than their amino acid residues.
Others require an additional chemical component called a
cofactor—either one or more inorganic ions, such as Fe2+, Mg2+,
Mn2+, or Zn2+, or a complex organic or metalloorganic molecule
called a coenzyme
Some enzymes require both a coenzyme and one or more metal
ions for activity.
A coenzyme or metal ion that is very tightly or even covalently
bound to the enzyme protein is called a prosthetic group.
A complete, catalytically active enzyme together with its bound
coenzyme and/or metal ions is called a holoenzyme. The protein
part of such an enzyme is called the apoenzyme or apoprotein
 coenzyme
Many are derivatives of vitamins.
Cofactor
prosthetic group

inorganic ions
(activator)
 Vitamins
A retinol phototransduction
B1 thiamine carbohydrate metabolism
B2 riboflavin redox, respiration
B3 niacin redox
B5 Pantothenic acid tca, fa and cholesterol
pyridoxine
B6 aa metabolism
pyridoxamine
glycogenolysis
pyridoxal
B7 Biotin gluconeogenesis, tca, fa, aa
B9 Folic acid 1C metabolism
B12 cobalamin 1C&H metabolism
C ascorbic acid hydroxylation
D cholecalciferol bone remodeling
E tocopherols antioxidant
K phytylmenaquinone coagulation
multiprenylmenaquinone bone remodeling
Choline ac, pl
Eric Niederhoffer
SIU-SOM
 Vitamins in Pathways
Glycogenolysis
Glc
PP a Glycolysis
Glycogen vit B6
PPP
G1P G6P
R5P TK
G3P vit B1
ALT
vit B6
Ala Pyr
PDH
vit B1,B2,B3
Acetyl-CoA
AST
Asp vit B6
OA TCA vit B6
Glu
cycle KG
KGDH
SCoA vit B1,B2,B3
 Vitamins in Pathways
NAD+ NADH + H+
N5,N10- N5,N10-
THF MLTHF THF MLTHF
PLP
Ser Gly CO2 + NH4+
serine hydroxymethyl glycine synthase
transferase

THF N5-FTHF
His Glu
glutamate formimino transferase

dUMP dTMP
thymidylate synthase

N5,N10- 7,8-DHF
MLTHF
THF DHF reductase
 Tetrahydrofolate Conversions
Folate
DHF
reductase N5-methyl-THF most reduced
DHF DHF
reductase
THF N5,N10-methylene-THF

N5,N10-methenyl-THF

N10-formyl-THF
N5-formimino-THF
most oxidized

N5-formyl-THF
Vitamins in Pathways
Odd-chain
FA oxidation
MMCoA mutase
L-MMCoA SCoA TCA
Vit B12 cycle
(H exchange)

Methyl transfers
(1C metabolism)
Met Ad transferase
ATP + Met S-AdMet
THF R
Met synthase A variety
Vit B12 of MTs
R-CH3
N MTHF
5
hydrolase
HC S-AdHC
Purines, dTMP
 Vitamin Deficiencies and Sources
preformed: liver, egg yolk, butter, milk
A - night blindness -carotene: dark green and yellow veggies
B1 - beri-beri seeds, nuts, wheatgerms, legumes, lean meat
B2 - pellagra meats, nuts, legumes
B3 - pellagra meats, nuts, legumes
B5 - none known yeast, grains, egg yolk, liver
yeast, liver, wheatgerm, nuts, beans, bananas
B6 - neurologic disease
corn, soy, egg yolk, liver, kidney, tomatoes
B7 - widespread injury
B9 - anemia yeast, liver, leafy veggies

B12 - pernicious anemia liver, kidney, egg, cheese

C - scurvy citrus and soft fruits

milk, fortified food, fish oils, egg
D - ricketts, osteomalacia yolks, liver
E - neurologic?, hemolytic anemia veggie oils, nuts
green leafy veggies, fruits, dairy products, veggie oils,
K - bleeding disorders cereals, meats
Choline - rare whole eggs, liver, beef steak, and soy (lecithin)
Review Questions

What are the different names for vitamins
A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, C, and B12?

Which pathway depends on vitamin A?

Which pathways and enzymes depend on
vitamin B1, B2, B3, B6 and B12?

Which pathways and enzymes depend on
folic acid?